【正文】
s (tender person) is more concerned about the modity producers (bidders) in credit, performance and credibility. In reality, the main layers of agents in the project legal cases, the construction of goods to the agent of this property rentseeking provides a good pretext. General Building Products (mainly referring to design changes) while technical content is not high, but because a large number of contracts, the list of projects, project implementation and settlement has a certain degree of flexibility, and project cost control and greater flexibility in handling the accounts, there are black profits space, this space provides the project bidding secret operatio ns material basis. Thus formed on the construction market at the macro situation of excessive petition, and in the micro demand for modities, who have the inherent power to exclude petition. From domestic to foreign public works projects, both the existence of such tendencies. Credit management is still a small social infrastructure Our country is in building a socialist market economy, the initial stage, although the market economy in the entire social life of the dominant, but because of the results of the economic role of longterm plans and traditional culture dictates, the people in their daily activities are still heartfelt emotion in power. Although the building products involved in each and every people, but it is not like home appliances, people will be free to purchase and supervise the exercise of the powers, leading home appliance industry must operate in good faith based, its credibility, in order to gain market share. The real purchasing power of building products concentrated in a few hands (the tender, agents, evaluation mittee of experts). As the bidding for construction products and process certain elements of the need for confidentiality, objectivity, causing the nonease of munity supervision, and a decrease of bidders because of false information leading to the tender risk of failure. In addition, an enterprise because of false information in a project bid fails, do not regard as in the West have been developed market economies, as the expulsion by the market, so bidders to provide false information to participate in the bidding intensified the phenomenon. Relying on physical construction market, the use of existing information technology is perfectly capable of bidders information accurate and prehensive nuclear trial, but because of local protectionism, national unified information platform for integration lags behind the reality of the regulatory needs, but also to the black box operation to provide opportunities. Of the main parties to the transaction have not yet bee essentially independent of the market players Under the current system has been analyzed above, the project owner is a legal sense, only the subject, in essence, only the agent of the Government at all levels. The project owner39。s guidance, gradually standardized, construction market continues to enhance its transparency and effectiveness of the reform is obvious to all The. However, the overall construction market, from a planned economy to a market economy in the process, due to the specific deviations during operation, engineering, construction project bidding and tendering process of construction there have been some contrary to the country39。我們還需要加大工程招標投標制度的宣傳力度,增強規(guī)范招標投標的意識,同時逐步完善健全的、嚴格有效的政府監(jiān)管機制,促進招標投標活動公開、公平、公正的開展,保障工程建設(shè)行業(yè)健康有序發(fā)展。政府直接插手市場,用行政命令的手段干預(yù)市場經(jīng)濟活動的時代已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了,隨著市場的進一步開放,長期存在的、導(dǎo)致中國建筑領(lǐng)域司空見慣的地方保護主義和行業(yè)保護主義現(xiàn)已成為眾矢之的。要解決以上建設(shè)工程招投標中存在的突出問題,關(guān)鍵是各級政府和有關(guān)部門領(lǐng)導(dǎo)應(yīng)高度重視,切實貫徹落實好《建筑法》、《招標投標法》,認真深入基層調(diào)查研究,結(jié)合本地實際,從源頭上有針對性的制定一些具體的實施辦法和制約措施,進一步完善有形建筑市場,建立全程式電子網(wǎng)絡(luò) 公開辦事制度,進一步推進公開辦事制度,最大限度增加工作透明度,杜絕暗箱操作,凈化建筑市場環(huán)境,促進社會經(jīng)濟健康發(fā)展。在社會各界監(jiān)督中,影響力比較大的是新聞媒體,要積極鼓勵新聞媒體行業(yè)更多關(guān)注建筑施工行業(yè),群眾的監(jiān)督作用也要積極鼓勵,對于提供信索的個人和單位,有關(guān)部門的保密措施要作好,并適當給予一定的物質(zhì)獎勵。對于目前掛靠企業(yè)資質(zhì)比較嚴重的情況,應(yīng)當從資質(zhì)的管理入手,提高對建筑施工企業(yè)資質(zhì)管理力度,可以考慮修改相關(guān)的資質(zhì)管理和資質(zhì)年審規(guī)定,加大對允許掛靠的處罰力度,只有讓建筑施工企業(yè)感到壓力,才能真正預(yù)防和制止企業(yè)資質(zhì)掛靠行為。對于違法違規(guī)的單位和個人,要堅決實行 “ 三個一律 ” ,即一律給予經(jīng)濟處罰,一律給予紀律處分,一律公開曝光。另外,在全社會宣傳招標投標法律法規(guī)頒布的意義。我國正處在法制建設(shè)的轉(zhuǎn)型期和過渡期,有些法規(guī)需要有一個制定、實施、完善、修訂的過程。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指定承包商、明目張膽 “ 違規(guī)操作 ” 現(xiàn)象得到扼制,但 “ 違規(guī)操作 ” 行為從公開到隱避仍然肆虐于招投標活動中并被披上 “ 合法 ” 的外衣。場內(nèi)結(jié)果是場外交 易的體現(xiàn),而有形市場中的違紀違法行為交易隱蔽,往往是在有形市場外一對一地進行,很難被抓住把柄,就算在招投標過程中有一些異常行為,也可以憑目前法律法規(guī)的漏洞輕易搪塞過去。雖然《中華人民共和國招標投標法》中對大多數(shù)招投標違法行為都規(guī)定了 “ 中標無效 ” 的處罰,應(yīng)該說還是比較嚴厲的,但由于地方保護或是部門利益的左右,目前對招投標違法行為的處罰相對很輕,多數(shù)只是罰款了事。各地監(jiān)管部門等針對這些問題雖然制定了很多規(guī)范性文件予以糾正,然而,由于以上深層次原因未能破解,往往 “ 道高一尺、魔高一丈 ” 。政府在投資建設(shè)項目時要 帶頭遵守法律,同時要改革政府投資工程管理方式,按照 “ 建管分離、用建分離 ” 和專業(yè)化管理的原則,逐步建立權(quán)責明確、制約有效、科學規(guī)范的建設(shè)管理體制及運行機制。 “ 黑合同 ” 違反了招標投標法、合同法和建筑法的有關(guān)規(guī)定,極易造成建筑工程質(zhì)量隱患,既損害施工方的利益,最終也損害建設(shè)方的利益?;谝陨戏治觯覀儗ΜF(xiàn)有評標委員會充當招投標活動中 “ 橡皮圖章 ” 的功能,或評標專家參與 “ 暗箱操作 ” ,針對特定問題作出特定評判的現(xiàn)象就會有客觀的認識。具體原因如下: ① 按照《招標投標法》對評標專家資格的界定,只有在大、中城市方才有條件建立具有一定容量的評標專家?guī)?,合乎條件的評標專家在數(shù)量上顯得不足; ② 評標專家從社會各行各業(yè)產(chǎn)生,評標專家的思想道德素質(zhì)及專業(yè)素養(yǎng)較難把握,特別在庫容不足的情況下,合乎法律硬件規(guī)定的專家基本都入庫,致使專家質(zhì)量參差不齊; ③ 社會化選拔評標專家的方式,對專家僅有法律的約束,行政上對其約束不力。面對此種狀況,建設(shè)行政主管部門成立的招標辦及有形建筑市場,又人為割裂,導(dǎo)致人力資源浪費,監(jiān)管力量更趨削弱。 行政主管部門監(jiān)管招投標工作存在難點 從法規(guī)上說,行政主管部門目前主要依靠《招標投標法》、《建筑法》及有關(guān)部令 和地方法規(guī)等監(jiān)督招投標工作,但在實際工作中缺乏實施細則。這樣企業(yè)可以在舉步維艱中生存,而企業(yè)管理者不承擔個人風險,甚至還可以有隱性收入存在。由于歷史原因,我國施工企業(yè)尤其是高等級資質(zhì)的施工企業(yè)仍是國有和集體占主導(dǎo)地位,這些國有企業(yè)通過多年改革仍未形成企業(yè)發(fā)展的動力機制。在這種體制約束下,招標代理人從某種意 義上,僅是按照業(yè)主的意愿幫助業(yè)主完成符合法規(guī)程序的招投標運作,使業(yè)主傾向的中標人合法化。還有,一個企業(yè)由于虛假信息在一個項目投標失敗,并不至于遭到像在西方發(fā)達市場經(jīng)濟國家那樣受到市場 驅(qū)逐,所以,投標人提供虛假信息參與投標的現(xiàn)象愈演愈烈。 誠信經(jīng)營社會基礎(chǔ)尚顯薄弱 我國處于建設(shè)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的初步階段,雖然市場經(jīng)濟已在整個社會生活中 占主導(dǎo)地位,但由于長期計劃經(jīng)濟作用的結(jié)果及傳統(tǒng)文化使然,人們在日?;顒又腥灾郧橛?“ 權(quán)力 ” 。現(xiàn)實中,在項目法人主體層層代理情 況下,建筑商品這種特性給代理人 “ 尋租 ” 提供了很好的籍口?,F(xiàn)有的建設(shè)體制,項目法人都不是本質(zhì)意義上的法人,它是各級政府(公共財政)的委托代理人,他們有法律上提供的彈性空間,在執(zhí)行公務(wù)(選擇招標代理、資格審查、評標、定標)時,僅 有道德的約束,來指導(dǎo)他們?yōu)樗?wù)的機構(gòu)決策。 體制現(xiàn)狀提供“操作”可能 現(xiàn)階段我國的建設(shè) 體制基本上還是條、塊分割,各個法人單位承擔項目業(yè)主,并按行政隸屬關(guān)系接受其上級主管部門監(jiān)督?!墩型稑朔ā酚行l款規(guī)定本身就留給業(yè)主或代理機構(gòu)彈性空間,如第十二條賦于項目業(yè)主(自行招標或委托代理機構(gòu)) 辦理招標事宜的權(quán)力第十八條第二款、第二十條有關(guān)不得對投標人有歧視性條款規(guī)定第四十條評標委員會對投標文件進行評審和比較的條款等。建筑市場經(jīng)過多次整頓取得了一定成效,但違規(guī)行為從公開到隱蔽,從個別人 “ 一錘定音 ” 到整個招投標過程不正當?shù)?“ 系列操作 ” , 形成了程序上的合法而實質(zhì)上滲透著腐敗。建筑市場整頓從 1986