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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文參考資料及譯文-老年人旅游動(dòng)機(jī)模式--北京與上海奇聞?shì)W事-全文預(yù)覽

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【正文】 n can be traced to the term motive, which is used in many Western European languages ―to denote excitement, cause, desire, want, drive, and other similar concepts, each of which is related to activity or a disposition to act‖ (Furchtgott amp。 Furchtgott, 1999, p. 2). The attempt to understand the ―why‖ of senior tourism in China is precisely a part of the effort to influence seniors‘ behaviors with the goal to improve the quality of their lives through leisure travel. The idea of successful aging or aging well has been embraced in many developed economies, but has only begun to gain attention in developing countries. By 2025 over twothirds of those 65 years and over will be living in the developing world, and the growth rate of the elderly population in developing countries will range between 106% and 174% as pared to developed countries where the increase will be just over 50% (US Bureau of the Census, 1999). This growth trend in the developing countries has not been matched by a corresponding increase in research on the quality of life of seniors, and ―there is a pelling need to understand the potentials of later life in the developing world‖ (Eyetsemitan amp。 Combrink, 2021。 Tsai, 2021).‖ Anderson and Langmeyer pared the profiles of people under and above 50 years old, and found that ―over 50 years old travelers tended to travel for rest and relaxation or to visit relatives and preferred to visit historical sites (Anderson amp。 Blenman, 1989), knowledge is scarce about why Chinese seniors choose to engage in leisure travel, and what their unique travel needs and preferences are. In a recent study, Jang and Wu (2021) examined travel motivation of Taiwanese seniors. Applying the wellknown model of push and pull motivation factors, they developed a survey instrument. Their questions were based on the extant studies of travel motivations of seniors in developed societies. The data were collected from 353 Taiwanese seniors attending continuing education classes in Taiwan. Among other questions, these respondents were asked to indicate the level of importance of 35 items of travel motivation. The factor analysis of the survey data resulted in the findings of five push and three pull motivation factors. The push factors included egoenhancement, selfesteem, knowledgeseeking, relaxation, and socialization. The pull factors were cleanliness and safety。 Fleischer amp。 Wu, 2021, p. 42). It is expected that by the middle of the 21st century, there will be 400 million Chinese aged 60 and over (Mao amp。 A model of senior tourism motivations—Anecdotes from Beijing and Shanghai Cathy . Hsu, Liping A. Cai, Kevin . Wong School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Purdue Tourism and Hospitality Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China Abstract The study initiates an original inquiry into the motivations of senior tourism in China, a developing country which witnesses the fastest rate of aging in the world and is at the same time emerging as a global tourism superpower. A theoretical model is developed through an intense scrutiny of textual data collected through indepth interviews. Using basic psychological theories on aging and motivation and adopting the grounded theory approach, the study proposes a tourism motivations model for Chinese seniors. The model consists of two main ponents: (1) external conditions include societal progress, personal finance, time, and health, of which personal finance and time are mediated through family support and responsibility。 面試的數(shù)據(jù)分析工作由兩位獨(dú)立的研究者進(jìn)行且結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較已提 供可靠的跨分析師。該準(zhǔn)則要求的一個(gè)程序,一個(gè)研究者首先計(jì)算相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)和復(fù)發(fā)的主題看。在訪談結(jié)構(gòu)與工程調(diào)查目的的指導(dǎo)下,數(shù)據(jù)被分成主題和次主題。一些基本的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料也聚集。 同時(shí)包含中英文的提問的預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)的訪談?dòng)涗洷肀皇褂?。所有的訪談?dòng)涗浐蛿?shù)字化的面部表情和手勢(shì)的受訪者指出,被采訪者。(人,2021)。旅游已成為這些老人(海, 2021年)有利的生活方式的追求。 在北京和上海是中國最大的都市,城鎮(zhèn)居民收入與他們的高于全國其 他地區(qū)的人均收入根據(jù)最近的調(diào)查(國家的中國, 2021年統(tǒng)計(jì)局)。科爾賓和施特勞斯( 1990年,第 8,9)表示,扎根理論的目的不是要推廣到更 廣泛的人口調(diào)查結(jié)果本身,取樣“收益不特定群體的個(gè)人,單位提取樣品條款時(shí)間等,但在概念,性質(zhì),規(guī)模,變化條件”。如何以及在何種程度上由中國老年人自我調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)境變化影響到他們休閑旅游的動(dòng)機(jī)這一問題,作為作者的一個(gè)概念化的中國旅游業(yè)的老年人動(dòng)機(jī)模式需要獨(dú)特思考。 自我是一種社會(huì)建設(shè),并作為一種社會(huì)構(gòu)造。在這個(gè)類中的動(dòng)機(jī)主要取決于其他人的反應(yīng)。在這方面,班杜拉( 1991)三個(gè)等級(jí)的動(dòng)機(jī)是特別的興趣。作者:中老年人,這直接影響他們的健康和體能,提高生活水平帶來政府的政策,已促使社會(huì)和文化環(huán)境的 急劇轉(zhuǎn)變,雖然有些變化,在政策設(shè)計(jì)意外變化。衛(wèi)生和感官的能力發(fā)揮其潛在的動(dòng)機(jī),行為和重大的作用。一維是有關(guān)對(duì)生物的需要,主要是社會(huì)和文化因素?zé)o關(guān)的務(wù)實(shí)動(dòng)機(jī)。當(dāng)人認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)或兩個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī),他或她會(huì)做出選擇的基礎(chǔ)上的社會(huì)化取向(例如,去單獨(dú)或與他人)。個(gè)體尋求的環(huán)境,是與他或她的動(dòng)機(jī)相一致,或試圖消除有害環(huán)境的他或她自己。該模型是剛性的,因?yàn)樗袚?dān)優(yōu)生優(yōu)育(即較低層次的需求必須得到滿足或部分滿足,較高層次的需要之前嘗試)。 西方理論的動(dòng)機(jī)豐富,他們的定義有所不同,以至于麥克雷諾茲( 1991)的結(jié)論,這是一個(gè)難以表述的動(dòng)機(jī)嚴(yán)格的定義。在發(fā)展中國家,雖然是新興的文學(xué)對(duì)老年人心理,對(duì)他們的休閑旅游的動(dòng)機(jī)是稀少的知識(shí)體系。 成功老化或老化以及想法已經(jīng)被許多經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的國家所接受,但在發(fā)展中國家僅僅才引起關(guān)注。 中國老年旅游動(dòng)機(jī) 研究的動(dòng)機(jī)是要問“為什么”行動(dòng)。而不是運(yùn)用旅游動(dòng)機(jī),在發(fā)達(dá)的西方社會(huì)的概念模型,這項(xiàng)研究旨在通過建立一個(gè)從深入和自由流動(dòng)與 27中老年人的訪談文本數(shù)據(jù)收集的嚴(yán)密的理論模型。茶,麥克利里,與 Uysal, 1995)這些模型發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的人口。圭因的研究探討在得克薩斯州的老年休閑車旅游動(dòng)機(jī),并發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的動(dòng)機(jī)“包括休息和放松,社會(huì)交往,體育鍛煉,學(xué)習(xí),興奮和懷舊(圭, 1980年在黃及蔡, 2021)?!弊钪匾奶卣魇怯梢粋€(gè)答辯人或百分之 。 另一項(xiàng)在臺(tái)灣的老年旅游動(dòng)機(jī)的研究中,黃,蔡( 2021年)提出了 12項(xiàng)在臺(tái)灣老年人參加的全包價(jià)旅游中體現(xiàn)的旅游動(dòng)機(jī)特性。這項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)因素分析,得出五個(gè)推動(dòng)和三個(gè)上拉的激勵(lì)因素的結(jié)果。運(yùn)用眾所周知的推,拉的激勵(lì)因素模式,他們開展了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查文書。弗萊舍及 Pizam, 2021。據(jù)預(yù)計(jì),到 21世紀(jì)中葉,將有 60歲及以上(毛,宋, 2021年,第 92頁)。相反,老人正日益被視為保守,落后的時(shí)間落后的國家繼續(xù)通過劇烈的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)變革中去把它努力打造中國特色市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。一個(gè)人活的時(shí)間越長,他的經(jīng)驗(yàn)越豐富。 是任何在當(dāng)今中國相關(guān)的諺語?在某種程度上,一個(gè)諺語是一個(gè)古老的文明,如中國文化的智慧,我們必須明白在其背景及相關(guān)主題的了解。大壽,標(biāo)志著提升到著名的高的狀態(tài)。在 60歲生日,稱為 39。 關(guān)鍵詞:老年人;動(dòng)機(jī);中國 簡(jiǎn)介 傳統(tǒng)中國社會(huì)中最老作家強(qiáng)調(diào)與老年人的協(xié)作和社會(huì)對(duì)老人的尊重相關(guān)的威信。這項(xiàng)研究目的在于運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)于年齡與動(dòng)機(jī)的心理學(xué)知識(shí),并采用實(shí)證理論的方法建立一個(gè)關(guān)于中國老年人旅游動(dòng)機(jī)的模型。一個(gè)理論模型通過由深度訪談收集到的密切關(guān)注的文本數(shù)據(jù)而發(fā)展起來。更進(jìn)一 步說,這項(xiàng)研究提出了八個(gè)命題,每一個(gè)都在參考了現(xiàn)存的旅游動(dòng)機(jī)文學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上而被探討。所謂“老人”在中國社會(huì)交往方面引起的呼應(yīng)比許多西方國家多。39。在旅游科學(xué)和管理方面的西方學(xué)者肯定會(huì)更加疑惑,除了價(jià)格歧視,一些旅游產(chǎn)品和旅游經(jīng)營者提供的服務(wù)不鼓勵(lì)老年人參與休閑旅游(如鐘, 2021)。在這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)里,多數(shù) 人無論是從直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)或通過其他人的直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得的知識(shí)。老人作為知識(shí)來源的想法幾乎是公認(rèn)的了。中國 60歲及以上的已經(jīng)由 2021年(苗 族武, 2021年,第 42頁) %的人口??死ィ吕?, Ruys,與魏, 1999。 在最近的研究,張和吳( 2021)研究臺(tái)灣老人旅游動(dòng)機(jī)。除其他問題,這些受訪者被要求注明旅游動(dòng)機(jī) 35項(xiàng)目的重要性水平。及自然和歷史景象。他們“得到休息和放松”,“滿足人們和社會(huì)化”和“花與直系親屬的時(shí)間。不幸的是不恰當(dāng)?shù)谋容^,并得出沒有事實(shí)依據(jù)的結(jié)論。已經(jīng)有成功的嘗試應(yīng)用在非西方文化,但如臺(tái)灣(張和武, 2021年
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