【正文】 zation of ethylene with Ziegler catalyst, the hydrogenation of methylstyrene to cumene, and the air oxidation of cumene to acetone and phenol.Several alternate names have been used for what here is called the perfectly mixed flow reactor. One of the earliest was “continuous stirred tank reactor,” or CSTR, which some have modified to “continuous flow stirred tank reactor,” or CFSTR. Other names are “backmix reactor,” “mixed flow reactor,” and “ideal stirred tank reactor.” All of these terms appears in the literature and must be recognized.Stirred vessel reactors are preferentially used for reactions involving rather large ratios of liquid to gas for rather exothermic reactions, because the agitation improves the heat transfer and internal heat exchangers are easily built in. They also permit achieving high interfacial areas. The agitation is favorable also when a finely divided catalyst has to be kept in suspension. The reactor is then of the “slurry” type. There are examples, however, of nonstirred operation. There are many examples of hydrogenations, oxidations, and chlorinations that are carried out in stirred tank reactors, either batch, semibatch, or continuous.Fixed Bed Catalytic ReactorsThe discovery of solid catalysts and their application to chemical processes in the early years of this century has led to a breakthrough of the chemical industry. Since then, this industry has diversified and grown in a spectacular way through the development of new or the rejuvenation of established processes, mostly based on the use of solid catalysts. The main part of these catalystic processes is carried out in fixed bed reactors. Except for the catalystic cracking of gasoil, which is carried out in a fluidized bed to enable the continuous regeneration of the catalyst, the major solid catalyzed processes of today’s chemical and petroleum refining industries use fixed bed catalystic reactor. Today’s fixed bed reactors are mainly largecapacity units. Such a spectacular rise in reactor capacity is evidently tied to the growing market demand, but its realization undoubtedly also reflects progress in both technological and fundamental areas, pressed by the booming construction activity of the world.Miscellaneous ReactorsThere are also other less mon type, used for very specific tasks. Venturi reactors are used, for instance, in antipollution devices to wash out small amounts of remaining SO2 by means of caustic. Their advantage resides in their low pressure drop, since the Venturi exhausts the gas into the liquid.Failing film or wetted wall reactors can be used for very exothermic reactions. Furthermore, the limited and welldefined interfacial area permits excellent control of very rapid reactionsStirred Tank DesignThe dimension of the liquid content of a vessel and the dimensions and arrangement of impellers, baffles and other internals are factors that influence the amount of the energy required for achieving a needed amount of agitation or quality of mixing. The internal arrangements depend on the objectives of the operation: whether it is to maintain homogeneity of a reacting mixture or to keep a solid suspend or a gas dispersed or to enhance heat or mass transfer. A basic range of design factors, however, can be defined to cover the majority of the cases.The Vessel A dished bottom requires less power than a flat one. When a single impeller is to be used, a liquid level equal to the diameter is optimum, with the impeller located at the center for an allliquid system. Economic and manufacturing considerations, however, often dictate higher ratios of depth to diameter.Baffles Except at very high Reynolds numbers, baffles are needed to prevent vortexing and rotation of the liquid mass as a whole. When solid are present or when a heat transfer jacket is used, the baffle are offset from the wall a distance equal to onesixth the baffle width which is about onetwelfth the tank diameter. Four radial baffles at equal spacing are standard。d 經(jīng)過塑性變形后的焊件，焊接時(shí)可能發(fā)生再結(jié)晶，使金屬纖維發(fā)生不均勻的變形；e 兩個(gè)被焊接厚度相差較大；f 焊接本身的質(zhì)量和厚度。因此它將直接影響到塔設(shè)備反應(yīng)釜的使用壽命和安全運(yùn)行。因此。 壓蓋與填料箱裝配時(shí)應(yīng)能使壓蓋與填料箱同心，這樣可以防止壓蓋的內(nèi)徑與軸相碰。 填料箱的主要零部件是壓蓋、填料箱體和喉頸襯套。軸的直線度要求，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速為100r/min以上時(shí)，軸的直線度允差。 攪拌軸是攪拌設(shè)備的一個(gè)重要部件，它的加工好壞對(duì)與之裝配的攪拌器和軸封有一定的影響。 焊縫余高嚴(yán)格按Q/XHJ 102202004要求控制在0～4mm范圍內(nèi)，采用測(cè)量器或鋼板尺來檢查，焊縫外觀經(jīng)局部打磨，所有焊縫均為圓滑過渡，目測(cè)外觀無裂紋、氣孔、弧坑、夾渣、飛濺等缺陷。筒節(jié)A、B類焊縫的棱角E用弦長(zhǎng)等于1/6Di的樣板進(jìn)行檢查。5制造工藝 材料進(jìn)廠檢驗(yàn)劃線下料刨邊拼焊打磨沖壓測(cè)厚、結(jié)合尺寸100%RT檢驗(yàn)劃線車破口打砂（內(nèi)外表面除氧化物）材料進(jìn)廠檢驗(yàn)劃線下料刨邊卷圓焊接校圓打磨20%RT檢驗(yàn) 材料進(jìn)廠檢驗(yàn)下料車 劃線銑磨鉗清點(diǎn)各零部件劃各接管孔位置線氣割開孔修磨開孔破口組隊(duì)凸緣、接管法蘭組件、補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈焊接打磨角焊縫MT100%檢測(cè)加工凸緣中心孔、密封面、螺栓孔總檢清點(diǎn)各零部件組對(duì)筒體封頭焊接打磨20%RT檢測(cè)組對(duì)攪拌軸、攪拌器、接管組對(duì)填料箱、機(jī)架、軸承組件組對(duì)聯(lián)軸器、擺線針輪減速機(jī) 組對(duì)人孔蓋板組對(duì)試壓盲板盛水試壓連接電源試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)（）完成總檢殼體的主要零部件在組裝前要進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)檢查，所有材料標(biāo)記清晰、正確、具有可追溯性。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)（整體或襯里）、密封面型式（突面或凸面）以及攪拌軸的安裝型式（上裝式或下裝式），選取安裝底蓋的型式為帶襯里的密封型式為突面的安裝底蓋。 其參數(shù)如下所示： 對(duì)于上插式軸，考慮在軸上設(shè)計(jì)擱軸防滑結(jié)構(gòu)，以防止檢修中攪拌軸下滑。d 使用可靠，壽命長(zhǎng)，e 設(shè)計(jì)合理，機(jī)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，維修方便，容易分解安裝。此擺針輪減速機(jī)有如下特點(diǎn)a 高速比高效率單級(jí)傳動(dòng)，就能達(dá)到1：87的減速比，效率高達(dá)在90%以上，如果采用多級(jí)傳動(dòng)，減速比更大。：對(duì)減速機(jī)有無防爆要求。在眾多減速機(jī)品種中，攪拌設(shè)備應(yīng)用最多的是立式結(jié)構(gòu)，其結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)性能也與普通減速機(jī)有所區(qū)別。為此，在選用電動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí)，應(yīng)特別考慮與變速器匹配問題。填料箱的選擇 選用校準(zhǔn)碳鋼填料箱（）()。根據(jù)以上要求本設(shè)計(jì)的填料選用采用了真空浸漬加壓法生產(chǎn)的柔性石墨，它是制造密封填料的重要材料，對(duì)無機(jī)酸有較強(qiáng)的耐蝕性，石墨是一種潤滑劑，具有高的密度和使其具有寶貴性能的晶狀結(jié)構(gòu)。c 應(yīng)有足夠的彈性，以吸收在設(shè)計(jì)上不能避免的軸的環(huán)動(dòng)。填料密封的作用原理 ：被裝填在攪拌軸和填料箱本體之間的填料，在壓蓋壓力的作用下，對(duì)攪拌軸表面產(chǎn)生徑向的壓緊力，由于填料中含有潤滑劑,因此在對(duì)攪拌軸產(chǎn)生徑向壓緊力的同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生一層極薄的液膜，這層液膜一方面使攪拌折軸得到潤滑，另一方面起到阻止設(shè)備內(nèi)的流體漏出或外部流體滲入的作用。連接強(qiáng)度計(jì)算： 鍵連接應(yīng)驗(yàn)算其擠壓與剪切強(qiáng)度鍵連接的抗擠壓強(qiáng)度條件為： 式中 攪拌軸所傳遞的每個(gè)攪拌器的扭矩，d攪拌軸直徑，mmhk鍵的高度，mmL鍵的長(zhǎng)度，mm鍵連接中鍵、軸、軸套三者最弱材料的許用擠壓應(yīng)力,MPa將數(shù)據(jù)代如上述公式得： 鍵連接的剪切強(qiáng)度條件為：式中 攪拌軸所傳遞的每個(gè)攪拌器的扭矩，d攪拌軸直徑，mmb鍵的寬度，mm L鍵的長(zhǎng)度，mm螺栓材料的許用剪切應(yīng)力，MPa將數(shù)據(jù)代入上述公式得：校核結(jié)論：合格軸封是攪拌設(shè)備的一個(gè)重要組成部分，其任務(wù)是保證攪拌設(shè)備內(nèi)處于一定的正壓和真空狀態(tài)以及防止反應(yīng)物料逸出和雜質(zhì)的滲入。s介質(zhì)黏度≥1000mpa第個(gè)i攪拌器的葉片寬度，mm。計(jì)算雷諾系數(shù)用以下公式：雷諾數(shù)由《過程設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)》圖827功率曲線3查得。一般情況下，攪拌軸軸徑必須滿足強(qiáng)度和臨界轉(zhuǎn)速要求，當(dāng)有特殊要求時(shí)，還應(yīng)滿足扭轉(zhuǎn)或徑向位移的要求。一般情況下，在容器內(nèi)壁面均勻安裝4塊、寬度為容器直徑1/12～1/10的擋板，就可滿足全擋板條件。當(dāng)攪拌器沿容器中心線安裝，攪拌物料的黏度不大，且攪拌轉(zhuǎn)速較高時(shí)，液體將隨著槳葉旋轉(zhuǎn)方向一起運(yùn)動(dòng)，容器中間部分的液體在離心力作用下涌向內(nèi)壁并上升，中心部分液面下