【正文】
于采礦,采礦形成的礦渣和殘留采空區(qū)在惡劣天氣下極易發(fā)生滑坡、泥石流等次生地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。 75第1章 緒論 選題工程背景及選題意義 隨著我國第十二個五年計劃的出臺,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展越發(fā)快速,作為工業(yè)支持產(chǎn)業(yè)的采礦業(yè)需求逐年加大。 73 參考文獻(xiàn) 70 66 排水系統(tǒng) 55 29 礦山棄渣 23 11 水文地質(zhì)條件 10 地形地貌 9 1 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 3第1章 緒論 4)It can be found that rainfall infilatrating seriously deteriorated the stablity of collapse pit, slag heap, dam and slope. Measures shoud be taken to prevent water infiltrating. The gravel blind ditch acpany with precast tube drainage system is adopt to in backfilling area own to its strong resistance to deformation. For slope and slag heap, it can set up drainage system at toe and platform. As easures of ecological restorating, the grass and tress planting plan shoud be taken after backfilling or slope cutting engineering. In conclusion, the paper anlyze the stablity of main geological hazards in copper mining area in Chimashan and put forward the prehensive prevention measure, which enriches the content of mine disaster sicence and meamtime own promotional, demonstrational and reference meaning to the other similar analysis of metal mining geological hazards. Keywords: mining geological hazards;collapse area;stablity analysis;countermeasures; 目錄 摘 要 另外在對塌陷坑回填區(qū)及廢渣堆頂挖方平臺采用植草或植樹進(jìn)行生態(tài)恢復(fù)。分析結(jié)果表明,危巖體安全儲備不足。為了消除礦區(qū)內(nèi)存在的安全隱患,本文對I號塌陷區(qū)內(nèi)存在的主要災(zāi)害體成因機(jī)制、影響因素及穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行研究,并對各災(zāi)害體提出有針對性的綜治理措施: 1)對于礦區(qū)的危巖體,從極限平衡理論角度分析了天然狀態(tài)和飽和狀態(tài)下的穩(wěn)定性。為解決礦區(qū)的棄渣堆在天然狀態(tài)下易失穩(wěn)的問題首先回收部分礦渣體進(jìn)行塌陷坑回填和攔截壩堆設(shè),對不能回收利用的礦渣堆進(jìn)行削坡減緩坡度,其表層進(jìn)行坡面密實硬化和植被治理; 4)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)降雨下滲嚴(yán)重惡化邊坡、坍坑、礦渣堆及壩體的穩(wěn)定性,應(yīng)采取措施防止水體下滲,在塌陷坑內(nèi)采用抵抗變形能力相對較強(qiáng)的碎石盲溝+預(yù)制涵管排水系統(tǒng);對塌陷坑北幫強(qiáng)風(fēng)化花崗巖邊坡及廢渣堆,采用馬道平臺截(排)水溝排水系統(tǒng)。 關(guān)鍵詞:礦山地質(zhì)災(zāi)害;塌陷區(qū);穩(wěn)定性分析;防治對策; Abstract Because of openstope mining method, the ground collapse problem in copper mining area in Chimashan have been increasing prominent, which worsen by the illigal mining the tiberium spikes. Besides collapse, the acpany geological problems as unstable rock, landslides arose. In order to eliminate the existing hazards and prevent future disaster in mining area, the stablity analysises of each disaster were carried out first, the prehensive prevention measures were put forward based on the stablity anlysis results: 1) For the unstable rock mass in mining area, the stablity was anlyzed according to limit equilibrium theory under natural state (no rainfall) and saturated state. The analysis results show insufficient security reserve for rock mass. Therefore, it use shallow hole blasting through remove the unstable rock mass. 2) For slope locate in westnorth of sunken pit, it adopt GeoStudio to analyze the stablity of slope in the state of natrual (no rainfall) and rainfall. The rainfall intensity and duration time areincoprated into consideration. The results show the slope failure after average rainfall for 4 days and heavy rainfall for 1day. As countermeasures, the cutting top section and backfilling the toe shoud be taken and then set up the retain wall at the toe of slope. Through anlysis of targeted slope stablity, it can be concluded that the designed slope has enough security reserves and the design sheme is reasonable. 3) For the abandon slag in mining area, it is found unstable even under natural state through software simulating. Firstly, it can be recyclied to backfill the sunken pit and set up intercepting dam. Spare slag stack must be cut slope to smaller slope angle, and the surface can abopt clay hardening technology and vegetation management。 2目 錄 2 9 11 地質(zhì)構(gòu)造 12 16 18 21 26 28 45 第4章 塌陷區(qū)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害綜合治理 47 47 51 55 在某種程度上,嚴(yán)重威脅我國礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。面對礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境這一嚴(yán)峻形勢,我們應(yīng)通過礦山環(huán)境保護(hù)與治理工程的研究,最大程度地解決老礦區(qū)遺留的環(huán)境問題, 基于現(xiàn)場地質(zhì)調(diào)查,查明因采礦活動造成的地質(zhì)環(huán)境問題,剖析塌陷區(qū)內(nèi)地面沉降、崩塌等各種地質(zhì)問題的成因機(jī)制,從力學(xué)角度對該礦山由采礦所引起的一系列礦山地質(zhì)問題進(jìn)行定性、定量的評價判斷。但無論是哪個國家提出的礦山環(huán)境保護(hù)法,在制度上可以總結(jié)為以下幾項[1]:(1)環(huán)境許可證制度,美國在這方面比較完善,要求所有礦業(yè)項目不僅需具有環(huán)境許可證及批準(zhǔn)書,而且還得具有政府機(jī)構(gòu)要求申辦的許可證、批準(zhǔn)書或通知書;(2)礦地生態(tài)恢復(fù)和土地復(fù)墾制度,在項目申請之前要求提交礦地恢復(fù)或復(fù)墾計劃,如巴西的《退化土地恢復(fù)計劃》、加拿大安大略省的《閉坑計劃》、西班牙的《采礦破壞區(qū)恢復(fù)計劃》與美國的《地表采礦與復(fù)墾法》;(3)保證金和財務(wù)擔(dān)保制度,發(fā)達(dá)國家及大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家為礦山環(huán)境的保護(hù)和治理設(shè)立了各種各樣的保證金和財務(wù)提保制度,以確保礦山環(huán)境治理和礦地復(fù)墾等工作落到實處,這種保證金要么用于礦山開采作業(yè)期間防治潛在的現(xiàn)行環(huán)境問題民,要么用于閉坑后的復(fù)墾;(4)環(huán)境監(jiān)督和檢查制度,礦山環(huán)境保護(hù)的恢復(fù)治理的好壞,需要有嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管制度的支持。近年來,由于中央和地方政府對礦山安全和環(huán)境保護(hù)的重視,把礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境以立法形式出臺,我國對礦山土地復(fù)墾和環(huán)境恢復(fù)問題的進(jìn)行立法主要有三個階段:(1)初始階段,1988 年國務(wù)院發(fā)布的《土地復(fù)墾規(guī)定》是我國每一部有關(guān)礦山環(huán)境恢復(fù)的規(guī)范法文件,其中明文規(guī)定“將在生產(chǎn)和建設(shè)過程中因挖損、塌陷和壓占等破壞的土地恢復(fù)到可利用狀態(tài)”,此時僅僅明文規(guī)定了責(zé)任歸屬;(2)發(fā)展階段,1991年出臺的《水土保持法》第18條“因采礦和建設(shè)使植被受到破壞的,必須采取措施恢復(fù)表土層和植被,防止水土流失。2002年《水法》第31條“開采礦藏或者建設(shè)地下工程,因疏干排水導(dǎo)致地下水位下降、水源枯竭或地面塌陷,采礦單位或者建設(shè)單位應(yīng)當(dāng)采取補(bǔ)救措施,對他人生活和生產(chǎn)造成損失的,依法給予補(bǔ)償”,本階段法律條文中對礦地復(fù)墾要求的比較多,但是大多都是閉坑后的復(fù)墾。 礦山地質(zhì)災(zāi)害分析方法研究現(xiàn)狀 在進(jìn)行礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境恢復(fù)之前,應(yīng)對現(xiàn)有的地質(zhì)環(huán)境進(jìn)行客觀、綜合、及時的評價分析,采用的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及分析方法都嚴(yán)重影響最終的評價結(jié)果及至恢復(fù)方案的制定。 Van Dijke等人[6]運(yùn)用GIS(Geographic Information System)對山區(qū)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行分析,在數(shù)據(jù)采集和整理方面開展了大量工作,建立了完整的數(shù)據(jù)庫,并開發(fā)了地質(zhì)災(zāi)害分析評價模型;A K Pachauri等人[7]對喜馬拉雅Garhwal地區(qū)進(jìn)行滑坡分區(qū)制圖時,嘗試在地形分類的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行滑坡易發(fā)性制圖,提供了一個基于地質(zhì)學(xué)和地形學(xué)的滑坡制圖的實例;印度學(xué)者Sitanshu Pandey[8]將GIS運(yùn)用于分析其國家潛在礦山地質(zhì)災(zāi)害危險性分析,基于其系統(tǒng)模型得到最佳避讓時間及支撐體系安放時間。陳愛欽[11]總結(jié)了我們礦山常見地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的發(fā)育特征:礦山種類繁多、分布廣泛、戶數(shù)多、規(guī)模小、基礎(chǔ)差,由于技術(shù)、管理及效益等原因的影響,資源開發(fā)中的安全形勢相當(dāng)嚴(yán)峻,地表塌陷、山體崩塌、礦山邊坡滑坡、尾礦庫垮塌、采場冒頂、采空區(qū)大面積地壓等災(zāi)害,給社會穩(wěn)定和人民生命財產(chǎn)安全帶來了嚴(yán)重影響。 郭付三等[15]以河南豫西地區(qū)礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境問題為背景,分析了地質(zhì)環(huán)境災(zāi)害之間的鏈?zhǔn)疥P(guān)系,從災(zāi)害鏈效應(yīng)出發(fā),提出流域系統(tǒng)治理方案。秦定明[19]闡述了歌樂山礦露天采礦生產(chǎn)中存在的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等主要地質(zhì)災(zāi)害問題,分析了地質(zhì)災(zāi)害影響因素及成因,并提