【正文】 e not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has e to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature. Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves bee classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. Ⅱ. Roman culture 羅馬文化1. What did the Roman have in mon with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in mon with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizenassembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the IndoEuropean language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3. What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century . it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to bee the core of modern civil and mercial law in many Western countries.4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?1Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. 2 Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.3 No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5. Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6. Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7. What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In what ways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8. Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9. What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1) The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other with roads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2) Some examples: A