【正文】 s face wants, so they always use the active strategy to show their politeness in order to meet the social expectation.4. An analysis of the causes of gender differences IdeologyThe history of differences occurred in conversation are closely connected with the historical development of the Utilitarian ideology. The ideological conception of Utilitarian discourse system can be summarized as follows (Scollon, 2000: 104):1. “Good” is defined as what will give the greatest happiness for the greatest number.2. Progress (toward greater happiness, wealthy and individuality) is the goal of society.3. The free and equal individual is the basis of society.4. Humans are defined as rational economic entities. 5. Technology and invention are the source of societal wealth.6. Creative, invention (wealthproducing) individuals are the most valuable for society.From the Point 3 and 4, the basic concept is that human beings are equal, free, rational and economic entities in the society. “In practice the main conceptual individual at the foundation of Utilitarian thinking has remained a man” (Scollon, 2000: 238). That’s to say man symbolizes the equal, free, rational and economic entity.The development of industrialization and the rising of the Utilitarian ideology have led to two important shifts, which have deeply affected the discourse between men and women. “The first one came about in the redefinition of economic activities” (Scollon, 2000, 238). From Point 5, the activities connected with invention and technology are idealized and defined as economic ones. Another one lets the creative and wealthproducing individuals endow with higher status (see Scollon, 2000: 238).With the development of economic activities, men who always go out to work and support the family are gradually associated with invention and technology, while women at home are associated with the tradition work. Women have no right in authority in social activities. Then education has bee the field for women, but men still control the main power. In fact, those two shifts and changes make the discourse of men associate with Utilitarian ideology more closely (Scollon, 2000: 240).The above characters have determined that men are strongly connected with the value of independence, status, equality, exclusion and problem solving. On the other hand, “women are much more conscious of the unfairness of status and power” (Talbot, 1998), and hold the value of intimacy, connection, inclusion and problem sharing. With these characteristics, men and women choose the different language forms to correspond to their value. SocializationScollon (2000: 241) uses “education” to indicate the formal means of teaching and studying, while the word “socialization” or “enculturation” is indicated the informal ones, meaning the ability and action that human beings learn from other people in social life after they are born. The available researches show that human beings begin to play the roles that will enact throughout the lives in the very early daytoday lives (see Tannen, 1990a: 201). During the childhood, the primary socialization takes effects (see Scollon, 2000: 241). Parents are believed to be the primary teachers of the children. When they meet something new, they will be told how they should perform. Then they learn to behave right and meet elders’ expectation, or they will not be considered as a good child.Intimate talk is the main activity for little girls. Their topics always concern personal problems. The establishment of their close relationship and agreement through “trouble talking” (Tannen, 1990a) will satisfy them.For boys, they choose action to form their circles but not talking (see Scollon, 2000: 242). Their topics are much more abstract and broader. Talking is used to form or maintain their power and status (see Tannen, 1990a: 91).Meanwhile as individuals in one of the involuntary discourse system, the male and the female have almost no choice to decide whether or not they are endowed with the certain characteristics (see Scollon, 2000: 166). That’s to say, after their birth, they are taught to be themselves. Interpretive framesThe researching literature on intergender discourse has pointed out at least nine dimensions that tend to form different interpretive frames. These dimensions that have been adapted from Tannen (1990a) are as follows:1. intimacy—independence,2. connection—status,3. inclusive—exclusive,4. relationship—information,5. rapport—report,6. munity—contest,7. problems—solution,8. novice—expert,9. listening—lecturing.Among these, some are quite closely related and might be considered as other ways of saying the same thing. Intimacy—independenceAn example about a couple called Linder and Josh is cited by Tannen. When Josh39。s talkative character. Such as: Women39。s language in many different parts of the world” (王娟, 2004). At the middle of the 1960s, the sociolinguistics had first began and developed in America. Then under the effects of the development of feminist social movement, gender and language had attracted much more attention and been widely discussed by more scholars. Then the jargon such as “genderlect”(Kramer, 1974), “genderrelated language”(Mulac et al, 1986) and so on were created. In the 1970s, many linguists such as Lakoff, Thorne, Henley and Trudgill pushed the research on language and gender a big step forward (王娟, 2004). It was linguist Robin Lakoff who first began the research of the definitive features of women39?，F(xiàn)有的大多數(shù)分析資料都是基于美國(guó)社會(huì)內(nèi)部的話語(yǔ)模式。另外，如何解釋男女交際中存在的差異仍然是一個(gè)引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家爭(zhēng)論的話題。早在20世紀(jì)60年代，隨著西方婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的蓬勃發(fā)展與社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的興起和壯大，涌現(xiàn)了大量相關(guān)的研究。作為話語(yǔ)研究的一個(gè)課題，對(duì)性別話語(yǔ)的研究還相對(duì)比較新。 taboo language, hedges, pliments and politeness 104. An analysis of the causes of gender differences 11 Ideology 11 Socialization 12 Interpretive frames 13 Intimacy—independence 14 Inclusion and exclusion 15 Relationship—information 16 Problems—solutions 16 Listening—