【正文】 ract of carriage whether the action be founded in contract or in tort. 2. If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier (such servant or agent not being an independent contractor), such servant or agent shall be entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under these Rules. 3. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, and such servants and agents, shall in no case exceed the limit provided for in these Rules. 4. Nevertheless, a servant or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this Article, if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result. Article V Surrender of Rights and Immunities, and Increase of Responsibilities and Liabilities A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and immunities or to increase any of his responsibilities and liabilities under the Rules contained in any of these Articles, provided such surrender or increase shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued to the shipper. The provisions of these Rules shall not be applicable to charterparties, but if bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charterparty they shall ply with the terms of these Rules. Nothing in these Rules shall be held to prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding general average. Article VI Special Conditions Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the goods carried by water, provided that in this case no bill of lading has been or shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a nonnegotiable document and shall be marked as such. Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect. Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary mercial shipments made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement. Article VII Limitations on the Application of the Rules Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connection with the custody and care and handling of goods prior to the loading on and subsequent to the discharge from the ship on which the goods are carried by water. Article VIII Limitation of Liability The provisions of these Rules shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of vessels. Article IX Liability for Nuclear Damage These Rules shall not affect the provisions of any international Convention or national law governing liability for nuclear damage. Article X Application The provisions of these Rules shall apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different States if: (a) the bill of lading is issued in a Contracting State, or (b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or ? the contract contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading provides that these Rules or legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract, whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person.引進(jìn)、借鑒別國的先進(jìn)技術(shù)與經(jīng)驗，推動本國經(jīng)濟(jì) 的發(fā)展；積極鼓勵開拓技術(shù)出口市場，以廣泛參與國際分工，逐步使中國的技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)成為國際技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條的重要一環(huán)。在技術(shù)出口方面，鼓勵出口成熟的工業(yè)化技術(shù)。技術(shù)的先進(jìn)性是指技術(shù)具有較長的生命力，其產(chǎn)品具有競爭能力；技術(shù)的適用性是指技術(shù)的水平與國內(nèi)的總體技術(shù)水平相協(xié)調(diào)，能夠盡快掌握、實施。在技術(shù)出口方面，國家實行國際上通行的扶持技術(shù)出口的信貸政策，設(shè)立技術(shù)和成套設(shè)備出口的賣方信貸和買方信貸，銀行按照貸款原則優(yōu)先安排技術(shù)出口資金，并實行優(yōu)惠貸款利率。在技術(shù)出口方面，為發(fā)展技術(shù)、成套設(shè)備和高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品出口需進(jìn)口的原材料、零部件，按進(jìn)了加工的有關(guān)規(guī)定享受優(yōu)惠待遇。允許以技術(shù)為股本投資舉辦合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)，實現(xiàn)技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓?！　∝浄綉?yīng)付的運費長期拖欠、應(yīng)收的運費變?yōu)閴膸?，這已成為承運人目前所面臨的嚴(yán)重問題。因而，采取何種措施來確保承運人及時收到運費，有極其重要的實踐意義。對此，承運人為了保護(hù)自己的利益，應(yīng)在合同中約定：“貨物裝船后，無論貨物和/或船舶滅失與否，租船人均應(yīng)百分之百地支付運費給承運人。 　　運費支付人的識別 　　在實際業(yè)務(wù)中，由于操作程序的不同，實際支付運費的人變化很多，明確誰是真正支付運費義務(wù)的承擔(dān)者非常重要。對于租船運輸，只有租船合同中的租船人才是運費的實際付費人。當(dāng)承運人發(fā)現(xiàn)運費漏收時，已超過法定的訴訟時效，只好聽?wèi){欠費方的“恩賜”了。如果考慮雙方的合作以及不影響貨主順利結(jié)匯，承運人也可交付提單，但應(yīng)留置海關(guān)核銷單等直至貨方付清運費。 　　對于長期拖欠運費但確有付費困難的客戶，承運人應(yīng)注意運費追討的訴訟時效，按照1997年最高人民法院的司法解釋，凡承運人向貨主主張運費的訴訟案中，皆按照適用海商法規(guī)定的貨主向承運人主張權(quán)利的1年訴訟時效，并自下達(dá)之日起生效。集裝箱（ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｒ）是具有一定強(qiáng)度、剛度和規(guī)格，專供周轉(zhuǎn)使用的大型裝貨容器。 42 / 42。集裝箱的分類多種多樣，按所裝貨物種類分，有雜貨集裝箱、散貨集裝箱、液體貨集裝箱、冷藏集裝箱等；按制造材料分，有木集裝箱、鋼集裝箱、鋁合金集裝箱、玻璃鋼集裝箱、不銹鋼集裝箱等；按結(jié)構(gòu)分，有折疊式集裝箱、固定式集裝箱等，在固定式集裝箱中還可分密閉集裝箱、開頂集裝箱、板架集裝箱等；按總重分，有３０噸集裝箱、２０噸集裝箱、１０噸集裝箱、５噸集裝箱、２．５噸集裝箱等。 　　總之，能否收到運費直接影響到企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，采取各種有效措施來確保運費如期入帳，應(yīng)成為承運人的首要任務(wù)。同時，財務(wù)部門應(yīng)及時將客戶欠費情況通報給有關(guān)部門和業(yè)務(wù)人員，并督促催款。 　　承運方應(yīng)采取“延期回扣”(一般為3個月或6個月)等辦法，并規(guī)定如貨家違約將無法獲得承運方給予的回扣額，以使貨家能及時結(jié)清拖欠的運費。對此，船東不可掉以輕心，班輪的托運單應(yīng)明確注明運費的支付方，是貨主本身還是貨運代理人；對于租船運輸，應(yīng)明確租船人是貨主本身還是其它人(如貨運代理人、無船承運人)，以免貽誤收費時機(jī)。但實務(wù)中，情況并非如此。因此，倘若該提單上注明預(yù)付運費(即運費已付)的話，既使租船人(付費人)違反租船合同的約定，未能如期支付運費，承運人也無權(quán)憑此對抗提單持有人，而對船上所裝貨物行使留置權(quán)。但在實務(wù)中，由于多方面的原因，租船合同中有關(guān)預(yù)付運費的條款不能如期執(zhí)行，而可能是在提單簽發(fā)后的若干日內(nèi)才支付運費，由此可能給承運人帶來