【正文】 Shakespeare39。 to the dreams to solve the conflict. To Shakespeare, the whole life is no more than a dream. Thus, The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life amp。 action. His life is one of constant roleplaying, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life amp。 plotting, amp。s throne amp。s hasty remarriage with Clau 7 dius, his father39。 death. And the timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its bination of intrigue, emotional conflict amp。 to expose the insatiable greed amp。s character amp。 parallels to Shakespeare39。 poetry have had a pervasive influence on world literature. Most of the great literary figures of the world have been inspired amp。 The Rape of Lucrece amp。 two plays: Pericles Cymbeline The Winte39。 two dark edies: Hamlet Othello King Lear 6 Macbeth Antony amp。 two tragedies: Richard Ⅱ (1595) King John (1596) Henry Ⅳ , Part Ⅰ amp。s birth is not known, but his baptism was recorded on April 26, 1564, in the parish register of Holy Trinity Church at StratfordonAvon. Since it was customary to baptize infants within two or three days of birth, April 23 is regarded as a reasonable birth date. It is also the date on which he died in 1616. Generally, his dramatic career is divided into 4 periods. The First Period (15901594)five historical plays amp。s downfall was caused by his despair in God amp。 made it the principal medium of English drama. His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. The theme of his works is the praise of the Renaissance spirit. His influence: A man of wide learning, Marlowe was one of the extra ordinary poets amp。 sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power amp。 It is his most dramatically mature play amp。s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. The last scene, in which Faustus confronts his doom, brilliantly renders the fear amp。s Doctor Faustus (about 1589), generally considered his best play, was based on a real Dr. Faustus, who was later associated with a medieval legend of a man selling his soul to the devil. The play39。 epic poetry. His nondramatic poetry includes Hero amp。 mythological material presented in the form of vivid narratives. II. Christopher Marlowe 1. 一般識記 Brief Introduction English dramatist amp。 moral themes by personifying them, or making them characters. 2)Plot: The story, which is set against a background of Arthur amp。 his bination of emotion, erudition, amp。 seriousness ⑤ a dedicated idealism 2) In his writing, Spenser drew on the conventions amp。 justice. Other major works of Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender(1579), a poem consisting of 12 ecloguescorresponding to the 12 months of the year。 political allegory, it is also an epic that exalts Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ amp。s will, he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit. （二） 該時(shí)期的重要作家 ：重要作家的文學(xué)生涯 ：重要作品及主要內(nèi)容 ：重要作家的創(chuàng)作思想，藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)，人物塑造，語言風(fēng)格，藝術(shù)手法，社會(huì)意義等。 to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced the 2 ir beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. 3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter amp。 Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography amp。 1 Chapter I The Renaissance Period 一、學(xué)習(xí)目的和要求 通過本章學(xué)習(xí)，了解文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)和人文主義思潮產(chǎn)生的歷史，文化背景，認(rèn)識該時(shí)期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本特征和基本主張，及其對同時(shí)代及后世英國文學(xué)乃至文化的影響；了解該時(shí)期重要作家的文學(xué)生涯，創(chuàng)作思想，藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)，人物刻畫，語言風(fēng)格，思想意義等；同時(shí)結(jié)合注釋，讀懂所選作品，了解其思想內(nèi)容和寫作特色，培養(yǎng)理解和欣賞文學(xué)作品的能力。 literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman amp。 scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, amp。s humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god39。 masterpiece is The Faerie Queene, a great poem of its age. A plex moral, religious, amp。 gentle discipline. Its principal hero is the Arthur of medieval legend. The six books of the