【正文】 ing, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)?，F(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語多為物。做表語有時(shí)可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do八．非謂語動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語過去分詞done動(dòng)名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb’s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語II. 做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較：情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著）can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）：常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there。1. must“肯定，一定”語氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四．形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以able, ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkindhearted6名詞+形容詞worldfamous2形容詞+形容詞darkblue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peaceloving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinarylooking8名詞+過去分詞snowcovered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hardworking9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthreeegged5副詞+過去分詞newlybuilt10數(shù)詞+名詞twentyyearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her soninlaw’s photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示時(shí)間today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表示工作群體the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定詞組a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時(shí)：the classrooms of the firstyear students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed初中英語語法精編（中考復(fù)習(xí)必備）一．名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the