【正文】 a total of 20 trials. As with step three, no error messages were presented. After participants had pleted the IAT they pleted the Likert rating scales for the three target occupations: engineer, accountant, and elementary school teacher. Each occupation appeared individually on the screen. Participants indicated their ratings for each occupation by clicking the appropriate scale points with the puter mouse. Participants39。s task was to press as rapidly as possible either the left (f) key if the concept was associated with the left appearing target or the right (j) key if the concept was associated with the right appearing target. For example, if Blueprint appeared, the correct response would be the left (f) key because it is associated with the target Engineer. Following the student39。Eagly, 1999。 Helmreich, 1978). A second explanation involves which sex is more prevalent in the occupation. Despite increases in the number of men who are nurses, most nurses are women. Because women predominate in nursing, it confirms the observation, the stereotype, that nursing is an occupation best occupied by women (c Glick, Wilk,amp。Schwartz, 1998). The IAT assesses implicit stereotypes by measuring their underlying automatic associations with other concepts. This is done by first establishing the speed with which responses can be made to a puterpresented targetconcept and an associated attribute. Although the IAT procedure will be explained later in greater detail, consider for now a response to the targetconcept nurse, which has been paired with the attribute female This is a monly stereotyped association。Kardes, 1986). Even among those persons who explicitly disavow bias toward outgroup members, appropriate priming may trigger implicit stereotyped judgments (Banaji, Hardin,amp。 Whito, Kruczok, Brown,amp。 Doolittlo, 1993。ghallor, 1996). Whether stereotypes are individual or cultural in origin, the emphasis on explicit beliefs is not surprising considering that the content of stereotypes has great intrinsic interest to both the person using the stereotype and the person targeted by it. Even when objectively wrong, stereotypes simplify social perception and serve as guidelines for social interaction. It is increasingly clear that implicit processes are important in stereotyping. Greenwald and Banaji (1995, p. 15) have defined implicit stereotypes as the introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) traces of past experience that mediate attributions of qualities to members of a social category. Implicit stereotypes and other implicit cognitive forms reflect the continuing influence of past experience and learned associations. They are the remaining influence of explicit beliefs that, although consciously abandoned or rejected, continue to influence cognition and perception. This influence is often beyond conscious control and may be invoked or primed by briefly presented stimuli (cf., Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell,amp。 Greenwald, McGhee,amp。s answer. Further, the strength of this effect will be influenced by the strength of the preexisting stereotype. If the stereotype is strong or well established, the effect will be larger. If it is weak, the effect will be smaller or nonexistent because there is no prior association to overe. Explicit traits for occupational gender stereotyping are, by contrast, assessed using familiar Likerttype rating scales. The most mon explicit traits measured by these scales involve whether an occupation should be considered masculine, neutral, or feminine. Nursing, for example, has been consistently rated as a feminine occupation (White et al., 1989). Essentially two explanations for these explicit stereotypes have been made. One is that certain jobs require personality traits more likely to be found in one gender. If, for example, a good nurse should be caring and women are perceived as more caring than men, then it follows that women would make better nurses than men (Spenceamp。 Cejka amp。s (1975) original work. In order to allow parisons with implicit stereotypes, measures of explicit stereotypes for these occupations were also made. It was hypothesized that the occupation pair with the most pronounced difference in explicit gender stereotypes would have a larger IAT latency (., a larger effect) and, accordingly, a stronger implicit stereotype than the other pains.Materials and MethodsParticipantsA total of 156 students from two colleges within the university participated voluntarily. Most of the students (66 men, 55 women) were business majors. The rest (12 men, 23 women) studied education. The mean age was ). Students reported their ethnicity as follows: Caucasian American (%), African American (%), Asian American (%), Native American (.6%), Hispanic American (%), and Other (.6%). They indicated their class standing to be: freshman (%), sophomore (25%), junior (%), senior (%), graduate (%), and other (%). Students earned extra credit, research participation points according to plans approved by their respective course instructors.ProcedureAn experimenter greeted participants and explained that the study examined associations between words and occupations. Participants learned that all responses would be made on a desktop puter. After giving their informed consent to participate, participants followed directions shown on the puter screen. The program first asse