【正文】 the passive bystanders of neural transmission.However, recent studies disproved this. It is inappropriate nowadays to consider glial as “glue” in the nervous system as the name implies but more of a partner to neurons. They are also crucial in the development of the nervous system.中文大意：好，在今天開始講課之前，我們先review上節(jié)課的內(nèi)容。歷史上，生物學(xué)家們不重視glial cell, 對神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的研究僅限于神經(jīng)元(neutron), 或者叫nerve cell. 神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通過electrical munication 從一個結(jié)點(diǎn)傳到另一個節(jié)點(diǎn)，神經(jīng)元被認(rèn)為起著重要的作用。而且glial cell 的功能也絕不像傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為的那樣只是send signal.那么到底glial cell 的功能有可能是什么呢？ 我們在用腦子的時候，其實就是在用glail cell. 比如說， 我們 feel, think and remember 的時候。 將來我們畢業(yè)的時候也可以。Answer : glail cell 這個領(lǐng)域，以后會有很多研究課題many researches.5. (replay) 就是Bernard 被打斷那一段Answer: ( D) the student’s answer is pleted6. glial cell 傳導(dǎo)信號用什么？Answer： chemical conductor3. 浪漫主義詩歌之 Williams Wordsworth文章大意：主要講了1819 世紀(jì)，英國浪漫主義（romanticism）詩歌的代表人物Williams Wordsworth的詩歌。教授以自己為例子，說自己在散步的時候感受到了這種互動（此處有題）。中期是對一些社會現(xiàn)象的評論。題目：1. (click two)浪漫主義式的特點(diǎn)？Answer: a. 針對的是個人的情感 b. 與古典主義不同2. （replay）是對古典主義式的描述那一段，鳥和天空。5. （replay）professor: but , you won’t have the luck to judge the poems of his different stages.Answer: 本文重點(diǎn)講了他第一階段的詩歌4. (conversation) 鳥類遷徙 term paper of bird migrationListen to a conversation between a student and his Biology professor.S: Dr. Russell, I was hoping to discuss my term paper with you. I’m getting a little bit stuck here.P: Of course, so… what do you have so far What’s your topic.S: Well, I wanted to write about bird migration, but I’m having trouble finding enough sources.P: You are having trouble finding sources on bird migration?S: No, actually, on the particular aspect of bird migration that I want to write about. The thing is, I wanted to write specifically on early theories of bird migration… describe some of the theories. Like how Aristotle thought that birds changed into different species during the winter. Or how other naturalists thought that bigger birds carried smaller birds to warmer spots for the winter time. But I’ve only got a couple of books to work with right now.P: Hm… I have to admit that it’s an interesting topic, and you certainly seem excited by it. But remember I told you all to ask yourselves how your topic is going to help you show that you can apply what you’ve learned this semester. A summary or description is not really what I’m looking for as much as your analysis of a certain topic.S: I guess it’s not really what we’re supposed to do, huhP: Right. So, how about we think about some other ideas for your paper. I mean you don’t need to discard the idea pletely…but… take a really different focus. Um… for example… you could present what you think are some reasons the rationale behind some of the erroneous theories early naturalists had. But, you’ll be supporting your views with current research。 the green tissue that most plants need for photosynthesis. It’s unable to … um… to capture the sunlight most other plants use to make food. So, it’s lacking… it.. it.. it doesn’t have the DNA—the genes for photosynthesis, which is what we ususlly use to classify plant species. But some researchers in Michigan persisted, and analyzed about 90 species of seed plants and pared them to Raflesia, and we finally had an anser. Rafflesia was part of the malpighiales order.Now, other species in the Malpighiales order include violets.. um.. poinsettias.. uh.. passion flowers… what else Willows. So it was pretty unexpected because flowers like violets are a lot smaller than Rafflesia, right and they don’t smell bad they don’t smell like rotting meat… and they are not parasitic. It took almost 200 years to classify Rafflesia, to identify its relatives, and I don’t think anyone would have ever guessed that it’s in the order Malpighiales. I mean… you know… it’d be nice to be able to classify species based on their obvious characteristics, but, it didn’t work that way with Rafflesia. And unfortunately for Rafflesia, and for