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se, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome split, and one from each pair is drawn toward each pole of the cell. 在分裂后期 , 兩個(gè)姊妹染色單體分離 , 分別被拉向細(xì)胞兩極 。 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 19 3. Mitosis: partitioning the hereditary material 有絲分裂: 遺傳物質(zhì)的分離 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 20 Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. 生物學(xué)家將有絲分裂劃分為 4個(gè)階段 。 and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. 前三個(gè)時(shí)期包括 G1,正常新陳代謝時(shí)期; S期 , 生物分子的合成繼續(xù) , 同時(shí) , DNA復(fù)制 , 組蛋白合成; G2 期, 新陳代謝和進(jìn)一步生長(zhǎng)的短暫時(shí)期 。 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 15 Many cells in multicellular anisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether. 多細(xì)胞生物中的許多細(xì)胞 , 包括動(dòng)物肌肉和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞 ,要么減慢周期速度 , 要么一起脫離細(xì)胞周期 。 Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid。 Each long strand of DNA bine with histones and nonhistone proteins to make up the substance chromatin. 每個(gè)長(zhǎng)鏈 DNA與組蛋白和非組蛋白一起構(gòu)成染色質(zhì)物質(zhì) 。College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 1 Lesson three Cellular reproduction: mitosis and meiosis College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 2 repository , 智囊團(tuán) , 知識(shí)庫(kù) , 倉(cāng)庫(kù) chromosome n.[生物 ]染色體 histone n.[生化 ]組蛋白 nucleosome n.[生化 ]核小體 chromatin , 染色質(zhì) pictorial karyotype n.[生物 ] 染色體組型 homologous pair 同源染色體對(duì) autosome , 常染色體 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 3 diploid , haploid n.[生物 ]單倍體 immortal Chalone n.[生化 ]抑素 prophase n. (細(xì)胞分裂 )前期 chromatid n.[生物 ]染色單體 centromere n.[生 ]著絲點(diǎn) , 著絲粒 metaphase anaphase n.[生 ](細(xì)胞分裂的 )后期 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 4 Telophase n.[生 ](細(xì)胞有絲分裂的 )末期 kiochore n.[生 ]動(dòng)粒 , 著絲粒 , 著絲點(diǎn) cytokinesis , 原漿移動(dòng) pinching cell plate 細(xì)胞板 mitosis meiosis , 成熟分裂 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 5 Halving 對(duì)分 , 二等分 , 減半 Synapsis 聯(lián)會(huì) synaptinemal plex 聯(lián)會(huì)復(fù)合物 Asexual , 無(wú)性生殖的 catastrophic , 災(zāi)難的 Elimination , 除去 , 消除 , 消滅 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 6 1. The nucleus and chromosomes College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 7 The cell nucleus is the main repository of geic information. 細(xì)胞核是貯藏遺傳信息的主要場(chǎng)所 。 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 9 More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. 進(jìn)一步的螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色體組結(jié)構(gòu) 。 College of Life Sciences Hubei Normal University 2022/2/10 11 Nonsex chromosomes are called autosomes. 非性染色體稱常染色體 。 Such cycling in effect makes sin