【正文】 nary and the column slides along the machine bed. Only the main drive shaft and the feed shaft are in the column. All other drive elements are in a separate drive box on the left side of the machine in order to improve heat dissipation. In order to provide backlashfree drives, modem machines have all feed shafts fitted with preloaded, recirculating ball nuts. The table drive may be made backlashfree either by the employment of two axially opposed prestressed worms or by the use of a so called 39。built up39。 are fixed radially to the axis of the gear blank so that all its tooth spaces are simultaneously cut. The radial position of the blades is governed by two interacting conical rings which contact the guide faces of the blade tongs, as may be seen in the sectional view of the cutter head in Fig. every working stroke, the conical rings make a small upward movement, so that the outer shell of the inner conical ring allows the blades to retract from the workpiece during the return stroke. Before each new working stroke, the conical rings move with an additional infeed motion in a downward direction, so that the inner shell of the outer conical ring causes the clearance distance to be cancelled out. In addition, this moves all the blades further towards the workpiece by the desired depth of feed. Figure shows the working area of such a broaching machine with the chuck, gear blank and cutter head. Fig. External broaching of involute gear teeth using the ShearSpeed techniqueThe technique is only economic for largequantity production, as a new cutter head is required for each blank diameter. In special cases, it is possible to produce internal gear wheels with this method. When tube broaching, the work, as in the case of the ShearSpeed technique, is mounted on a mandrel and pushed upwards into the tool tube of a hollow broach. Within the tubebroaching tool, radial cutting inserts are arranged with progressive height increases and fixed. Between the inserts, guides are provided to control the workpiece mounting head during the broaching process. Bevel gears Bevelgearbroaching machines usually work in accordance with the 39。one off39。lice”). Furthermore the axes of rotation being at right angles to each other may intersect each other (rolling action) or their axes may be relatively displaced (bevelworm drive). Bevel gears are mainly produced by hobbing machines and lapped after heat skew gears are mating cylindrical helical gears, the axes of which are crossed with varying helix angles. The sum of the helix angles of the two gears determines the angle at which the axes cross. Their manufacturing technique does not differ from that of spur order to obtain high gear ratios for axes lying at right angles to each other, cylindrical worm and worm wheel drives or globoidal (hourglass) (Hindey39。 for finishing work, the most widely used technique is that of gear grinding which, in contrast to gear shaving and fine gear rolling, may be carried out after heat treatment on hardened gear wheels. From the point of view of the kinematic action of the machine, gearcutting techniques may be classified as shown in Fig. into form cutting (copying) and gene rating processes. When using the formcutting processes, the tool (milling cutter, end mill, grinding wheel) is made with the contour of the finished tooth space. Each tooth space is individually finished and the gear wheel being cut is then indexed through an angle, depending on the number of teeth to be produced, to allow the next tooth space to be out (singleindexing method). The cutter profile must be of the exact form of the required tooth space, which means that for every setup of a different gear wheel to be cut, a special cutting tool is required. Consequently, this technique is almost exclusively used for the 39。 (b) high material strength to enable the transmission of large torques with smallsized wheels。圖 顯示了這樣的建筑設(shè)備剖視圖一個(gè)十字架。只有主驅(qū)動(dòng)軸和進(jìn)給軸在 圓柱上。這個(gè)工作主軸滑動(dòng)及其支持中心是由徑向進(jìn)給軸和橫向移動(dòng)獲得徑向進(jìn)給。微分籠被釋放并 設(shè)置成運(yùn)動(dòng)的微分改變齒輪機(jī)構(gòu) ,并且選擇適當(dāng)?shù)凝X輪。蝸桿傳動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)進(jìn)給改變齒輪機(jī)構(gòu) ,如圖 9.。任何限制僅僅是由于機(jī)器的工作能力。在一個(gè)給定數(shù)量的齒空間已加工的齒輪或毛胚 ,滾刀是由給定數(shù)據(jù)直接地移動(dòng)，為了使用所有的齒滾刀同時(shí)工作。實(shí)際輪廓成形于剛剛結(jié)束的單切。在基因評(píng)級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)、齒輪滾刀和齒輪毛坯旋轉(zhuǎn)像一個(gè)蝸輪蝸桿的傳動(dòng)。齒輪滾刀的主體是一個(gè)圓柱漸開線 蝸桿 。在圖 中 ,當(dāng) 擴(kuò)孔車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)后，鉸孔 (類似于一個(gè)拉刀 )、粗、精加工刀具被依次錄用后，就會(huì)生產(chǎn)完成齒空間。 當(dāng)管拉削工作 ,對(duì)于速度剪切的技術(shù) ,是安裝在芯棒和向上推到工具管的中空拉刀。此外 ,這個(gè)動(dòng)作是使所有葉片進(jìn)一步向工件所需深度的沖程。在刀頭 (見圖 ,一個(gè)刀片 )里面 ,異形鋼的速度剪切刀片是固定的徑向主軸齒輪毛坯 ,這樣所有的牙空間同時(shí)削減。這個(gè)工作是粗糙的加工，然后對(duì)尺寸而言 ,在第二次操作中 ,完成鉆孔與分段完成拉削 ,如圖 (右 )。這種技術(shù) 可以降低成本 ,還降低了工具的切削力。 直齒圓柱齒輪 該工具為粗?jǐn)U內(nèi)部齒輪，通常由一個(gè)圓刀架包含拉削刀具 ,研磨到所需的漸開線形狀和夾緊的楔形。 齒輪擴(kuò)孔機(jī) 齒輪 擴(kuò)孔機(jī) (有時(shí)稱為形式塑造機(jī)器 )利用形式切割或復(fù)制行動(dòng)沒有任何基因評(píng)級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)。旋轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)是產(chǎn)生于主傳動(dòng)通過進(jìn)刀機(jī)構(gòu)變速齒輪。扶輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)是切割輪生產(chǎn)的芯片運(yùn)動(dòng) ,并持續(xù)工作至行程和回程。這樣一個(gè)螺旋鉛套 ,結(jié)合不同的切割輪 ,可以用于一個(gè)特定范圍的螺旋角。先進(jìn)的機(jī)器使用這種方法獲得的切削速度超過 100 米每分鐘，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致的高雙作用沖擊率。刀具是由模板來生成所需的齒廓。他們的驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制是類似齒輪滑行的機(jī)器。 生產(chǎn)錐齒輪有些相似于直齒圓柱齒輪的制造。刀軸與刀架 (尖瘦地調(diào)為螺旋齒 )是固定在機(jī)床上的。該系統(tǒng)是通過驅(qū)動(dòng)曲柄滑塊改變齒輪機(jī)構(gòu) (8)和導(dǎo)螺桿 (10)和 箴 見線性組件產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng) 。當(dāng)與其它方法相比 ,刀具相對(duì)容易改變。 蝸輪蝸桿驅(qū)動(dòng)應(yīng)用： 切削成形齒輪刀具與切削刃使用的關(guān)鍵幾何因素 齒輪滑行機(jī) 直齒圓柱齒輪 當(dāng)應(yīng)用到生產(chǎn)直齒圓柱齒輪中時(shí) ,齒輪滑行機(jī)按照索引生成原理在半連續(xù)工藝 (圖 )中操作 ,這意味著為了產(chǎn)生特定長(zhǎng)度 (齒數(shù) )的切割變形 ,生成幾個(gè)齒空間之前 ,索引是 必要的。 圓柱斜齒輪是交配的圓柱螺旋齒輪 ,與軸線交叉形成不同螺旋角。 直齒圓柱齒輪 (平行軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)和滾動(dòng)動(dòng)作 )可以有外部以及內(nèi)部的牙齒 ,這些可能是直的 ,螺旋或人字形 . . 錐齒輪的牙齒可以是直的、斜的或彎曲的。 )易用性錐齒輪定義的。齒側(cè)面的形成是由一個(gè)切削工具產(chǎn)生獨(dú)特形狀造成的輪廓的結(jié)果。刀具輪廓必須有明確的切削形式所需的齒空間 ,這意味著 ,對(duì)于加工每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)不同的齒輪 ,一個(gè)特殊的切割工具是必需的。對(duì)于齒輪粗糙的加工過程最廣泛使用的滾齒機(jī)、插齒和較大的剃齒機(jī)。圖 對(duì)所有的齒輪生產(chǎn)技術(shù)作了一個(gè)通用的調(diào)查并進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。切齒機(jī)是由機(jī)器元素“齒輪”（如 :從機(jī)器運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)作的角度 )要求的結(jié)果 ,切齒技術(shù)可分為如圖 所示的成形式和切割 (復(fù)制 )式 . 齒輪評(píng)級(jí)流程： (a)高幾何精度 ,盡管形式復(fù)雜，但保證必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn) ?，F(xiàn)有各種各樣類型的機(jī)器是努力生產(chǎn)不同幾何形式齒經(jīng)濟(jì)方法的結(jié)果。 切齒機(jī)是由各種不同的觀點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)分類的。這個(gè)有屑加工生產(chǎn)機(jī)器是根據(jù)切削工具的切削幾何參數(shù)進(jìn)一步細(xì)分 . 為了達(dá)到產(chǎn)量的經(jīng)濟(jì)性 ,同時(shí)也要維持齒輪高精確度的目的 ,齒輪切削機(jī)開始進(jìn)行具有高的切削速度和快速進(jìn)給的改進(jìn)，這是隨后一個(gè)整理過程。生產(chǎn)齒輪的切削是由每個(gè)齒的齒形空間通過一個(gè)角度單獨(dú)完成進(jìn)行索引的 ,根據(jù)加工牙齒的數(shù)量允許下一個(gè)齒空間 (單一索引方法 )進(jìn)行切削。這是通 過一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)之間的耦合 ,刀具的工作通常在形式是一個(gè)封閉的齒輪 裙裾 。為了規(guī)范和降低一系列的工具裝備儲(chǔ)備 ,基本剖面的直齒圓柱齒輪是由正常段齒條 (可能被視為一個(gè)外部齒輪與一個(gè)放大的齒數(shù) ,n→∞ )和所謂的 :面對(duì)齒輪 (包括直齒圓錐齒輪造成的放大斜角在 90176。 .切