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taurant syndrome (CRS) and asthma。s milk 大部分對(duì)牛奶蛋白質(zhì)有敏感癥的病人同樣對(duì)綿羊奶和山羊奶有敏感癥 Crossreactions between milk from these species is not always present. 各種奶之間的交叉反應(yīng)并不一直存在 Eggs (二)雞蛋 ? the second most frequent food allergen in small children after cow39。 (d) the route of exposure 暴露途徑 1 ) aeroallergens : grasses, pollen of trees and herbs , house dust mites , o cat dander 飛散過敏原: 草 、 樹或藥草的花粉 、 屋塵螨 、 貓毛發(fā)皮屑 2) work environment: baker 工作環(huán)境:面包工人 3) via the skin: Natural rubber (latex) 通過皮膚:天然橡膠 ( e) crossreactions to aeroallergens 飛散過敏原的交叉反應(yīng) 1) local species of grass, trees, and herbs and pollution 當(dāng)?shù)厣L的草 、 樹以及藥草種類 ., Allergy to hazelnuts is mon in areas with many birch trees, where birch pollen hay lever is frequent 榛實(shí)敏感癥一般發(fā)生在有許多樺樹的地區(qū) , 在這些地區(qū)經(jīng)常發(fā)生樺樹花粉熱 2) air pollution空氣污染 (f) the age at which the allergen is introduced 受過敏原入侵的個(gè)體年齡 ? In early infancy an increased uptake of antigen takes place at a time when the gutassociated lymphoid tissue is still inpletely developed 在幼年早期 , 在與消化道相關(guān)淋巴組織還沒有發(fā)育好的時(shí)候 , 抗原的攝入量相對(duì)較高 。 ?The symptoms 癥狀: Diarrhea 腹瀉 gas production 產(chǎn)氣 Colic 絞痛 ? Control 控制措施: avoid all products containing even small amounts of lactose 避免食用任何含乳糖的食品 PREVALENCE 第四節(jié) 發(fā)病率 ? The total prevalence of food allergy/food intolerance is not known. 總發(fā)病率未知 ? Estimates based on data from one country do not necessarily reflect the prevalence of another country 在某個(gè)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)得到的數(shù)據(jù)并不能用到另一個(gè)國家 , 因?yàn)椋? 1) frequency and duration of breast feeding 母乳喂養(yǎng)的頻率和持續(xù)時(shí)間 2) eating habits飲食習(xí)慣 3) flora植物群 Children 一、兒童 Food (一)食品 ? allergy to cow39。 ?Symptom 癥狀: ? abdominal pain周期性腹部疼痛 ? loose stools便溏 ? anorexia厭食 ? short stature體態(tài)短小 ? delayed puberty青春期滯緩 ? nutritional deficiencies吸收不良 ? Dental enamel hypoplasia 牙科瓷發(fā)育不全 ? recurrent aphthae周期性口瘡 ?Control 控制措施: Patients with celiac disease must avoid gliadins and related proteins permanently 遠(yuǎn)離麥醇溶蛋白以及相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì) Dermatitis Herpetiformis (三)皰疹樣皮炎 ? Definition 定義: chronic blistering disease 一種慢性起皰疾病 ? Symptom 癥狀: ? itchy 發(fā)癢 ? sometimes burning 有時(shí)有灼傷感 ? eruption of grouped vesicles on an erythematous ground 在紅斑狀范圍內(nèi)出現(xiàn)成群泡樣出疹 ? Some DH patients, even without gastrointestinal symptoms, may have villous atrophy similar to that seen in celiac disease 有些 DH病人甚至在沒有出現(xiàn)胃腸道綜合癥的情況下 , 也會(huì)出現(xiàn)與乳糜瀉類似的絨毛狀萎縮癥 , 也就是說 DH與 CD之間有關(guān)連 。 NonlgEMediated Immune Reactions 二、不以 IgE為媒介的免疫反應(yīng) Heiner39。 Food intolerance 食品不耐性 ? enzymatic (resulting from an enzymatic defect, ., lactase deficiency), “ 酶促性的”(因酶缺陷造成,如乳糖酶缺乏癥) ? pharmacological (depending on the direct effect of, ., vasoactive amines naturally found in foods) “藥理學(xué)的”(取決于直接效應(yīng),如食品中天然存在的血管活性胺) ? “ Undefined不明確的” SYMPTOMS OF ADVERSE FOOD REACTIONS 第二節(jié) 食品不良反應(yīng)的癥狀 IgEMediated Food Allergy 一、以 IgE為媒介的食品敏感癥 Characteristic 特征 Clinical manifestations of IgEmediated food allergy can remain localized at the site of the primary direct contact, ., 一直保持在最初的直接接觸部位 the mouth 嘴 throat (oral allergy syndrome)咽喉(口腔敏感綜合癥) the gastroiniesrinal tract (isolated gastrointestinal food allergy)胃腸道(單獨(dú)的胃腸道食品敏感癥) Skin Respiratory tract GI tract Cardievascular S. 皮膚 呼吸道 胃腸道 心臟血管系統(tǒng) 45% 25% 20% 10% Figure 2 Classical symptoms of IgEmediated food ailergy 圖 2 以 IgE為媒介的食品敏感綜合癥分布 Oral Allergy Syndrome (一)口腔敏感綜合病癥 ?Allergen: fresh foods( fruits and vegetables) 過敏原: 新鮮食品 ( 如水果和蔬菜 ) ?Symptom 癥狀: Itching of the lips, mouth, palate, throat 嘴唇 、 嘴 、 上腭咽喉等處立即發(fā)癢 Hoarseness and/or swelling of the lips, tongue, uvula, and larynx 嗓音嘶啞 , 嘴唇 、 舌頭 、 小舌 、 喉等腫脹 Allergic Reactions After Ingestion of Food (二)攝入食品后的過敏反應(yīng) ? Symptom 癥狀: 1) The main symptoms of gastrointestinal food allergy are vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pains (colics or cramps). 胃腸道主要癥狀 :嘔吐、反胃、腹瀉以及腹部疼痛(絞痛或痛性痙攣); 2) Skin reactions include local or generalized pruritus, flush, urticaria, angioedema. morbilliform exanthema, and flareup of atopic dermatitis 皮膚反應(yīng):局部的或無顯著特點(diǎn)的搔癢癥、面部潮紅、風(fēng)疹、血管性水腫、麻疹樣疹病、突發(fā)特異性皮炎; 3) The symptoms of the upper and the lower respiratory tract are rhinitis (sneezing, pruritus of the nose, nasal stuffiness, and nasal obstruction), larynx edema, cough, wheezing, and bronchial asthma. 上呼吸道或稍低些的呼吸道癥狀: 鼻炎(打噴嚏、鼻搔癢癥、鼻子不通氣、鼻塞)、喉腫、咳嗽、喘息以及支氣管哮喘; 4) Itching, redness, and watering eyes (conjunctivitis) 發(fā)癢、充血以及眼睛流淚(結(jié)膜炎) . Allergic Reactions After Inhalation of Food (三)吸入食品后的過敏反應(yīng) ?Symptom 癥狀: respiratory symptoms 呼吸道綜合癥 ?Allergen: flour, namylase, green coffee, castor and soy beans, spices. egg white, and crustaceans 過敏原: 面粉 、 α 淀粉酶 、 綠咖啡 、 海貍香和大豆 、 調(diào)味品 、 雞蛋白以及甲殼動(dòng)物 Allergic Reactions Following Skin Contact With Food (四)皮膚接觸食品后的過敏反應(yīng) ?Allergen: fish, shrimp, flour, and pork 過敏原: 魚 、 小蝦 、 面粉和豬肉 ?Symptom 癥狀: Urticarial lesion 風(fēng)疹 ? Chronic