【正文】 “business as usual.” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved AfricanAmericans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism” the deep patterns of socioeconomic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens?This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy.The First Reconstruction (18651877) ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful pensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule (騾子)”was for most blacks a dream deferred (尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的).The Second Reconstruction (19541968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public acmodations and gave blacks voting rights. But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives.The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance panies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today.Demanding reparations (賠償) is not just about pensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural racism’s barriers include “equity inequity.” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history. One third of all black households actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $16,400, less than one fifth that of white families. Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions. During the 199091 recession, AfricanAmericans suffered disproportionately. At CocaCola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black, Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or earlystage cancer surgery.36. To the author, the auction of his greatgrandfather is a typical example of ________.A) crime against humanityB) unfair business transactionC) racial conflicts in GeorgiaD) racial segregation in America37. The barrier to democracy in 21st century America is ________.A) widespread use of racist stereotypesB) prejudice against minority groupsC) deeprooted socioeconomic inequalityD) denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks38. What problem remains unsolved in the two Reconstructions?A) Differences between races are deliberately obscured.B) The blacks are not pensated for their unpaid labor.C) There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights.D) The interests of blacks are not protected by law.39. It is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites ________.A) has resulted from business successes over the yearsB) has been acpanied by black capital formationC) has derived from sizable investments in educationD) has been accumulated from generations of slavery40. What does the author think of the current situation regarding racial discrimination?A) Racism is not a major obstacle to blacks’ employment.B) Inequality of many kinds remains virtually untouched.C) A major step has been taken towards reparations.D) Little has been done to ensure blacks’ civil rights.Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 inplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.41. Because of the ________ of its ideas, the book was in wide circulation both at home and abroad.A) originalityB) subjectivityC) generalityD) ambiguity42. With its own parliament and currency and a mon ________ for peace, the European Union declared itself—in 11 official languages—open for business.A) inspirationB) assimilationC) intuitionD) aspiration43. America has now adopted more ________ Europeanstyle inspection systems, and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.A) discreteB) solemnC) rigorousD) autonomous44. Mainstream promarket economists all agree that petition is an ________ spur to efficiency and innovation.A) extravagantB) exquisiteC) intermittentD) indispensable45. In the late 19th century, Jules Verne, the master of science fiction, foresaw many of the technological wonders that are ________ today.A) transientB) monplaceC) implicitD) elementary46. I was so ________ when I used the automatic checkout lane in the supermarket for the first time.A) immersedB) assaultedC) thrilledD) dedicated47. His arm was ________ from the shark’s mouth and reattached, but the boy, who nearly died, remained in a delicate condition.A) retrievedB) retainedC) repelledD) restored48. Bill Gates and Walt Disney are two people America has ________ to be the Greatest American.A) appointedB) appeasedC) nicknamedD) dominated49. The ________ majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decrease the crime rate.A) overflowingB) overwhelmingC) prevalent