【正文】 Press,1986. 7 1939— 1945年的惡化：軍事 費(fèi)正清 1938年 10月下旬武漢和廣州失陷后，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的特征和國(guó)民黨區(qū)域的狀況起了深刻的變化。 and 43000 in 1943. Yet the battle lines from 1939 to early 1944 were not significantly altered, and the strategic balance between the two enemies was little changed for nearly six years. The Nationalist army during the latter half of the war numbered more than 3500000 men. It was not, however, a united, national army, but a coalition of armies which differed in degrees of loyalty to the central government as well as in training, equipment, and military capabilities. At the heart of this heterogeneous assemblage was the ‘Central Army’ (Chungyangchun). In 1941, it prised some thirty divisions (about 300000 men) out of a total of over 300 divisions in the entire Nationalist army. As the war progressed, Chiang added to this force so that, by the end of the war, the Central Army counted about 650000 men. Officers in the Central Army in 1937 were typically graduates of the Central Military Academy. There they had received an introduction to modern military techniques, often during the 1930s from German instructors. Political indoctrination had bulked large in their training。中文 6295字 畢業(yè)論文 外文翻譯 題 目 論抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期國(guó)民黨的敵后游擊戰(zhàn) 學(xué) 生 指導(dǎo)教師 學(xué) 號(hào) 年 級(jí) 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 歷史學(xué) 系 別 政史系 2021 年 5 月 1 Deterioration I939I945: the Military John After the fall of Wuhan and Canton in late October 1938, the character of the war and conditions in the Nationalist areas changed profoundly. The fighting progressively entered a stalemate. Especially after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Nationalist leaders anticipated that the Western Allies could defeat Japan without the necessity of further Chinese sacrifices. After all, they had fought Japan alone for four and a half years already. They consequently devoted less attention to bating the Japanese than to containing the Communists, whose growing power and territorial control augured badly for national unity and stability in the postwar period. Most of all, however, the Nationalist government at Chungking found itself caught in a seemingly irreversible process of deterioration— military, economic, social, and political— that left it by 1945 weak and demoralized. When the Nationalists did not capitulate following their defeat at Wuhan in October 1938, the Japanese leaders realized that they had misjudged the Chinese powers of resistance and that the imperial army would merely exhaust itself if it continued to pursue the elusive defenders into the hinterlands. They therefore adopted a new strategy, stressing political means to secure control of China. First, they would consolidate control of the areas overrun since July 1937. They now effectively controlled only some 10 per cent of the territory in North and Central China primarily the major cities and areas bordering the major railways and highways. They needed to eliminate many pockets of resistance and to harness the productive capabilities of the occupied areas to the economy of the homeland. Second, the Japanese determined to wear down the Nationalists until they collapsed from ‘internal disintegration. They thus simultaneously tightened their economic blockade of the Nationalist areas and began a destructive air war. In the spring of 1939 they seized Nanchang in Kiangsi, cutting the important ChekiangHunan railway. In November they landed an amphibious force at Pohai (Pakhoi) in western Kwangtung, and advanced a hundred miles to take Nanning, the capital of Kwangsi. This was a damaging blow to the Nationalists, for it severed the new railway line from Hanoi over which the Chinese were obtaining fully a third of their critically needed imports. Then, in September 1940 the Japanese occupied the northern part of French IndoChina, closing the important rail line between Hanoi and Kunming. Thereafter the Nationalists were dependent for supplies from the outside world upon the newly opened but barely passable Burma Road, air transport from Hong Kong (which the Japanese were to occupy in December 1941), and the long caravan and truck route from Russia (see map). The Japanese air raids struck indiscriminately at military and civilian targets. Their purpose was less to destroy military installations and factories than to demoralize the population. Virtually all cities in the Nationalist area, including Kweilin, Kunming and Sian, were hit. Chungking, however, suffered most severely. Bombed 268 times during 1939— 41, much of the city was gutted, and many thousands died (4,400 were killed in just the first two days of heavy raids in May 1939). Yet neither the air raids nor the blockade broke the Chinese will to resist. Indeed, the perseverance of the Chungking population remained firm as long as the bombings continued, and wilted only after they ceased in late 1941. The blockade was less than a plete success, 2 in part because the Nationalists in July 1939 had legalized, and thereafter actively promoted, the trade in most goods from areas held by the Japanese. The Japanese were at a loss to stop this trade. They were incapable of guarding every foot, or even every mile, of the more than 2,000 miles of border between occupied and unoccupied China. Many Japanese also actively colluded in this merce, so that a sizeable but indeterminate part of Nationalist China’s imports during the war came through this socalled smuggling trade. A momentous discussion by the Japanese cabi in July 1940 also affected their operations i n China. Perceiving that success in China would continue to elude them unless they obtained access to the rich natural resources of SouthEast Asia, and convinced that the Western powers were preoccupied with the war