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語言學研究422009年4月號中旬刊以使自己想突出的觀點更凸顯。同義詞重復如:“We rise or fall as one nation;as one people.”(不論我們沉與浮,我們都是一個國家、一個民族);再如“wholeft their homes and their families”(他們離開了自己的家,自己的家人); 又如:“This is our is our time.”(這是我們的時刻。兩者的區(qū)別是排比句子都并列在一起,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊;而重復的結(jié)構(gòu)一般相隔著其他的句子乃至段落。使用頭韻的作用是豐富語言結(jié)構(gòu),以引起聽眾的注意,使觀點更容易被他們接受。奧巴馬的演講沒有用很多的暗 喻,畢竟該手法不像排比和重復等那么重要,而且用多了 但用不好反而會影響讀者的接受。(allusion amp。奧巴馬在評論106歲的安“蒙哥馬利的公共汽車”指1955年,黑人婦女 帕克斯在蒙哥馬利市的一輛公車上拒絕給一個白人讓 座,被捕入獄后觸發(fā)了長達一年的黑人抵制行動,最后成 功要求該巿所有巴士廢除種族隔離。警察 使用了警犬和水龍頭對付抗議的群眾。阿姆斯特朗成為第一個登上月 球的人和德國人推倒阻隔東西德28年多的柏林墻,重獲 統(tǒng)一,這兩件事分別指代當今世界兩大主題,即和平與發(fā) 展,雖然這里只提到科技發(fā)展。綜上所述,多種修辭手法的使用給奧巴馬的競選獲勝演講增色不少,為其錦上添花,使之堪稱一篇成功演講 的范例。It39。It39。s been a long time ing, but tonight, because of what we did on this date in this election at this defining moment change has e to ,但在今晚的這一決定性時刻,由于我們在這次選舉中的努力,美國終于迎來了變革。他已經(jīng)為美國奉獻了太多,以到于我們許多人都無法想象。ve I look forward to working with them to renew this nation39。And I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last 16 years the rock of our family, the love of my life, the nation39。And while she39。To my sister Maya, my sister Alma, all my other brothers and sisters, thank you so much for all the support that you39。To my chief strategist David Axelrod who39。To the best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics you made this happen, and I am forever grateful for what you39。I was never the likeliest candidate for this didn39。It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation39。This is your 。You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies even as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetimetwo wars, a planet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a ,是因為知道我們面前任務的艱難。ll make the mortgage or pay their doctors39。s new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to build, and threats to meet, alliances to ,新的工作崗位要去創(chuàng)造,新的學校要去建造,新的威脅要去面對,新的盟友關(guān)系要去修復。I promise you, we as a people will get ,我們肯定可以。我作為總統(tǒng)所做出的決策,肯定也會有許多人并不贊同。我會認真聽從你們的建議,尤其是意見不一致的時候。This victory alone is not the change we is only the chance for us to make that that cannot happen if we go back to the way things 。t happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of ,沒有一種新的服務精神,新的犧牲精神,它不能發(fā)生。In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one 39。s remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values of selfreliance and individual liberty and national ,是這個州的人第一次將共和黨的旗幟扛進了白宮,(共和黨)是一個將價值觀建立在自信、個人自由以及國家團結(jié)基礎(chǔ)上的政黨。我們決不能成為敵人,盡管目前的情緒有些緊張,但決不能容許它使我們之間的親密情感紐帶破裂。s beacon still burns as bright: Tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation es not from the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity and unyielding ,我們將打敗你。That39。我們已經(jīng)取得了給了我們將來能夠而且必須實現(xiàn)的的希望。ve already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must achieve :美國會發(fā)生變化。對于所有那些疑惑美國的燈塔是否還會繼續(xù)明亮燃燒的人,今夜我們將再次證明,我們國家的力量并不是來源來我們的胳膊的臂力,也不是來源于我們的財富,而是源自于我們理念的持久力量。And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces, to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of the world, our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at ,從國會到王宮、到在被世界遺忘的角落擺弄收音機、關(guān)注美國今夜的人們,我們的故事并非只有一個,但我們的命運是共同的,美國領(lǐng)導人新的曙光即將來臨。民主黨今晚獲得了巨大的勝利,但我們未來將用謙卑和決心來彌補競選過程中產(chǎn)生的裂痕。讓我們抵制誘惑,回到屬于同一黨派,雞毛蒜皮的小事和不成熟已經(jīng)毒害我們的政治如此之久。Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it39。如果我們回到原來的老路,那么改變不會發(fā)生。221年來,我們的國家就是這樣一磚一瓦,一點一滴地建造起來的。But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we will listen to you, especially when we , above all, I will ask you to join in the work of remaking this nation, the only way it39。t agree with every decision or policy I make as we know the government can39。我們未必能夠在一年或是在一個總統(tǒng)任期之內(nèi)達到目標,但美國肯定可以。s college ,他們怎樣才能還清醫(yī)生的賬單,攢夠足夠供孩子的大學教育的錢。Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their lives for ,我們依然知道,勇敢的美國人在伊拉克的荒地上、在阿富汗的山林中醒來,為了我們,賭上自己的生命。t do this just to win an I know you didn39。為了工作,他們離開了自己的家鄉(xiāng),并與親人分別,可是他們拿很少的報酬,甚至連睡覺的時間也少的可憐。在剛開始的時候,我們沒有多少錢,也沒有多少支持者,我們的競選不是從華盛頓的大廳開始的,而是開始于艾奧瓦州得梅因的后院、康科德的客廳、查爾斯頓的前廳。是你讓這一切發(fā)生了,我將永遠對你為這一切做出的犧牲心存感激。阿克塞爾羅德。And to my campaign manager, David Plouffe, the unsung hero of this campaign, who built the bestthe best political campaign, I think, in the history of the United States of s watching, along with the family that made me who I miss them know that my debt to them is beyond ,我的外祖母已永遠離開了我們,但我知道她也正和所有支持我的家人一樣在看著我。Sasha and Malia I love you both more than you can you have earned the new puppy that39。I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart, and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on the train home to Delaware, the vice presidentelect of the United States, Joe ,一個全心全意參加競選的男人,一個為同他一起在斯克藍頓(賓夕法尼亞東北部城市)街道長大、一起坐火車到特拉華州的人們發(fā)言的男人,美國未來的副總統(tǒng),喬I congratulate him。 fought long and hard in this he39。ve been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better ,很多人一再受到告誡,要對我們所能取得的成績極盡諷刺、擔憂和懷疑之能事,但這個答案讓這些人伸出手來把握歷史,再次讓它朝向美好明天的希望延伸。美國人向全世界傳遞一個聲音,那就是我們的選舉從不分紅州或藍州。It39。另外 一種引用是指不加任何修改地直接借用名人名言到自己 的演講中,如奧巴馬直接引用林肯的“a government of the people,by the people and for the people has not perishedfrom this earth.”(民有,民治,民享的政府永遠不會從地球 上消失)。“塞爾瑪?shù)臉颉眲t指1965年,塞爾 馬地區(qū)的黑人不滿政府無理剝奪他們的選舉權(quán),決定游 行到州首府蒙哥馬利,但在經(jīng)過埃蒙德佩圖斯橋時,警察 向游行隊伍施放催淚彈,又用木棍毆打游行人士,結(jié)果造 成百多人浴血的“埃盟德佩圖斯橋”慘劇。路德庫珀時的話就 有很多用典。演講者常常引經(jīng)據(jù)典,一方面顯示自己的博學,另一 方面讓眾所周知的人或事來幫自己說話能使聽眾更好地理解自己的觀點。我們的前進將會充滿坎坷。路德如“the heartacheand the hope”(痛苦和希望),如果把heartache換成pain或agony,意思雖未改變,但頭韻就沒有了,修辭效果明顯下降; 又如:“Let us resist the temptation to fall ba