【正文】 guage and culture. This influence of L1 pragmatic petence on interlanguage pragmatic knowledge that differs from the L2 target language is referred to as pragmatic transfer, which may lead to problems in leaners39。 Olshtain(1981) studies how Hebrew learners of English as L2 did things with their interlanguage of English, and discovered that that nonnative use of apology semantic formula was generally fewer than that of the native English speakers. By this, the study displayed the transfer of Hebrew features into the realization of apology making. Olshtain(1983) also attempted at finding the degree and types of transfer among some English and Russian speaking learners of Hebrew as L2. Her elicitation questionaire on apology of eight situations shows that English learners39。 Kasper (1989) probed into the internal and external modifications among Danish learners of English and German as against respectively the English and German speakers. They reported that the Danish learners turned to map formally the Danish modal verbs and consultative device into their L2 of English and German. In addition, the Danish learners were speculated to be following the Danish negation rule in realizing requests in German. In the same year, DeCapua studied the choice of directness level. Her German learners of English as L2 were assigned to do five servicecounter situational interactions concerning plaints. She showed that the German learners often directly transferred linguistic forms identical to their German into English. Beebe, Takahashi, amp。 Interlanguage to be more irritating than other types. The 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） III following helps to illustrate it. Errors in Articles The word article (from the Latin articulus) means a small joint or memb er. According to Xiao Liming(20xx: 33) , in modern English, the article is a formword of the noun, and serves to specify or generalize it. There are, in general, three forms of article in English: the definite, the indefinite and the zero articles. English learners in China find it hard to use them consistently correctly not only because there is no article contrast in Chinese mon nouns, but also because there are too many exceptions to the rules guiding the use of articles (Zhang Zhenbang 1995:37). It proves even more difficult for Chinese English Foreign Language learners that the choice of an article in quite a few expressions is idiomatic. Consequently, the learners in China may omit necessary articles like the following: 1. My hobby is playing piano. 2. It was so cold on top of the mountain that we decided to make fire. 3. I would like to sell it to you at 50% discount. To make a correction, the above underlined three phrases, according to the English rule, should be: play the piano, make a fire, at a discount. It also occurs that Chinese learners insert unnecessary articles in some expressions, for examples: 4. She was in a pain. 5. He finished the school several years ago. The third case is the confusion of the use of definite and indefinite articles: 6. He smashed the letter in the rage. 7. Almost all my classmates took the fancy to the new teacher. 8. Miss Li was in a habit of telling a joke at the beginning of each lecture. The wrong use of articles causes pragmatic transfer easily, which is not good for learners to acquire Target Language appropriately. 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） III Errors in Prepositions defines a preposition as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence (Lian Shuneng 51). Both English and Chinese have prepositions, but the use of English prepositions is much more plicated and idiomatic. It is estimated that there are 286 prepositions of all kinds in English, but only 30 in Chinese (Lian Shuneng 1993:50,54). Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and wring, but are usually omitted in Chinese. The errors in the following sentences show the influence of Ll(First Language) concerning such a difference. 1 .It was sold at 50 yuan in Beijing. 2. I work in the pany for several months. 3. Whenever I look back those days... 4. She could bear her husband no longer and demanded a divorce with him. For the Chinese equivalents“在北京它賣五元” and“我在那家公司工作了幾個(gè)月” of the first two sentences, there is no need to add prepositions at to express
。 Kasper (1993) scrutinized apology realization by Thai learners of English by means of 20 DCT situations. The result demonstrated that 50% of the responses cluster on the transfer side. Among these transfer features the Thai learners mapped into English included six situations of the Thai verbal redress. In China, there are also a lot of monographs and articles related to this aspects, such as Discussion on Pragmatic Transfer (Pang Haolong 20xx), Pragmatic Transfer Phenomenon in Second Language Acquisition(Li Xiangqin 20xx), Pragmatic Transfer and Its Implications for English Teaching (Wei Yuyan 20xx), Research of Pragmatic Failure in China(Sun Ya and Dai Ling 20xx), Pragmatic Utility Investigation in Positive and Negative Pragmatic Transfer and Foreign Language (Yang Wenhui 20xx), Language Transfer and Second Language Acquisition(Yu Li ming 20xx), Pragmatic Transfer from Mother Tongue Phenomena Causing Pragmatic Failure Analysis(Li Ping 20xx) and Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Language Communication (Zhang Bigang and Xia Hongzhong 20xx). All these present people a general outlook about negative pragmatic transfer. 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） III Chapter 2 Manifestations of Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Communication Negative pragmatic transfer in Intercultural munication often occurs at two large aspects, namely language aspects and social a