【正文】 ecise nature of the individual stresses and strains in the structure, called analysis, is perhaps the most technically plex aspect of bridge ，稱為受力分析，這也許是橋梁建造技術(shù)中最繁復(fù)的方面。The dynamic, or live load, has ponents, including vehicles carried by the bridge, wind forces, and accumulations of ice and ，或活荷載，有很多分力組成，包括橋梁承擔的交通工具的作用、風力和冰雪堆積物的作用。If the wind induces aeroelastic vibration, as in the case of the Taa Narrows Bridge, its effect may be greatly ，就像塔科馬海峽大橋的情況一樣，其效應(yīng)可能會被無 限放大。Occasionally a pier may even be hit by a passing ，橋墩甚至可能被一艘過往的船只撞到。The model bridge is then subjected to various scaleddown loads or dynamic conditions to find out what will ，對模型橋梁施加不同的按比例縮減的荷載或動力條件來觀測結(jié)果。Foundations built in water usually present the greatest 。Workers inside the caisson, which is filled with pressed air to keep out the water, dig deeper and deeper, and the caisson sinks as the digging 。With modern pile drivers, long heavy piles can be driven even in deep piles can be cut off and capped either above the water level or below they are capped below the water level, a prefabricated hollow pier case is floated out to the site, sunk on the piles, and then filled with concrete to form the ，在水面或水下截樁并套上樁帽。共有六種施工方法：臨時支架法、浮船施工法、懸臂法、滑動施工法、直接起吊法和懸索法。In the floatation method, mainly used in building long bridges, large bridge sections are prefabricated on shore and floated out on barges to the bridge sections are then hoisted into place, either by floating derricks or by winches placed on previously constructed sections of the ，主要用于長橋施工。施工是從橋臺開始，向著中間一段一段地延伸。In the direct lifting method, mainly used for light, shortspan highway bridges a prefabricated bridge unit is lifted by a hoist and swung directly onto the bridge ，主要適用于輕型、短跨的公路橋，預(yù)制好的橋梁構(gòu)件用起重機起吊，直接擺放到橋梁支座上。第四篇：土木工程專業(yè)英語土木工程專業(yè)英語土木工程civil engineering鋼結(jié)構(gòu)steel struture鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu) reinforced concrete structure鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計規(guī)范Code for design of steel structure reinforced concrete beds鋼筋混凝土地基 reinforced concrete footing 鋼筋混凝土基腳 reinforced concrete canopy 鋼筋混凝土頂蓋 reinforced concrete foundation 鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ) reinforced concrete pile鋼筋混凝土樁 reinforced concrete plate鋼筋混凝土板reinforced concrete T beam 鋼筋混凝土T形梁 reinforcement加強 加固reinforcing rib 加緊肋reinforcing mesh 鋼筋網(wǎng)reinforcing rod鋼筋, 鋼筋條reinforcing agent 增強劑reinforcing bars 配筋梁beam/girder柱column吊桿post框架frame初步設(shè)計preliminary design強度strength承載能力loadcarrying capacity脆斷brittle fracture強度標準值characteristic value of strength 強度設(shè)計值design value of strength一階彈性分析 first order elastic analysis二階彈性分析 second order elastic analysis 屈曲buckling腹板屈曲后強度 postbuckling strength of web plate第五篇：土木工程專業(yè)英語學習心得土木工程專業(yè)英語學習心得專業(yè)英語是在大學基礎(chǔ)英語之后結(jié)合專業(yè)知識進一步提高學生英語水平而設(shè)置的一門主干課程，是大學英語和研究生英語教學中一個重要的環(huán)節(jié)。 通過具體語言環(huán)境學習專業(yè)詞匯簡單重復(fù)記憶某個專業(yè)詞匯是一種方法，但顯得枯燥，記憶效果往往不佳，容易忘記。2 翻譯技能的學習翻譯是運用一種語言把另一種語言所表達的思維內(nèi)容準確而完整地重新表達出來的語言活動。 通過閱讀提高翻譯能力閱讀和翻譯能力的提高是互相促進的，讀得越多掌握的專業(yè)詞匯與專業(yè)知識就越多，有助于翻譯能力的提高。 多參加以英語為媒介的專題講座在學校或涉外工作中，經(jīng)常有以英語為媒介的幻燈片講座，多參加并積極詢問，增加和外國人面對面交流的機會，也就是多增加應(yīng)用專業(yè)英語的機會，這樣可以促進專業(yè)英語的口語表達能力的提高。 大聲朗讀專業(yè)英語材料大聲反復(fù)地朗讀專業(yè)英語材料，鍛煉英語的發(fā)音，語調(diào)與節(jié)奏，培養(yǎng)語感，使口腔各發(fā)音部位靈活，提高口語表達能力，并增加對專業(yè)詞匯的熟悉程度。 掌握專業(yè)英語的常用句式結(jié)構(gòu)科技文章的特點是嚴謹周密，概念準確，邏輯性強，行文簡練，重點突出，它有常用的句式結(jié)構(gòu)。實現(xiàn)這種方法的途徑就是大量閱讀專業(yè)英語材料。因此，培養(yǎng)閱讀理解和翻譯英文專業(yè)文獻的能力，培養(yǎng)專業(yè)英語的寫作能力和一定的語言交際能力都是非常重要的。在懸臂法施工的橋梁中，因為完全不同的支撐和荷載條件，部分完工橋梁中的應(yīng)力會超過竣工橋梁中的應(yīng)力。Sliding construction is used only this method, a prefabricated unit, such as a truss, is erected on shore and slid out over a temporary or permanent support until it es to rest on another 。然后用移動的起重機或用橋上事先固定好的絞盤把這些部件吊裝到位。A great deal of ingenuity is often required just to erect the falsework, especially for structures over swift rivers or deep piles and trestles are monly used in wide shallow ，特別是對湍急河流和深山峽谷的結(jié)構(gòu)施工有用。Erecting the superstructure 上部結(jié)構(gòu)施工After all piers and abutments are in place, the erection of the superstructure method of construction used depends largely on the type of bridge being are six construction methods：falsework, flotation, cantilevering, sliding, direct lifting, and ，就開始上部結(jié)構(gòu)的施工。When a suitable depth is reached, the caisson is filled with concrete and bees part of the foundation ，箱體內(nèi)澆筑混凝土，而后沉箱就成為基礎(chǔ)的一部分。For constructing foundations in deep water, caissons have long been ，一直都采用沉箱法。With modern technological aids, there is much less chance of bridge failure than in the ，橋梁損壞的幾率比起過去小得多。The use of precise model testing, particularly for studying the dynamic behavior of bridges, also helps ，尤其是在橋梁動力特性的研究過程中。Other forces that may act on the bridge, such as stresses created by earthquake tremors, must also be provided ，如地震作用，也須加以預(yù)防。For example, the severe impacts caused by irregularities of vehicle motion or bumps in the roadway may momentarily double the effect of the live load on the ，由公路上車輛移動或顛簸的不規(guī)則性產(chǎn)生的劇烈沖擊可以瞬間使得動荷載對橋梁的影響倍增。The forces that act on bridge structural members are produced by two kinds of loads—static and ：靜荷載和動荷載。Analysis of forces 受力分析A bridge must resist a plex bination of tension, pression, bending, shear, and torsion 、壓、彎、剪和扭的合力作用。Other useful materials for bridges include aluminum alloys and 。The designer also can select steel wires for suspension cables that have tensile strengths up to 250, 000 psi(17, 577 kg／sq cm).設(shè)計人員還可以選擇抗拉強度高達250000磅每平方英寸的鋼絲束作懸索。Each type of bridge is most effective and economical only within a certain range of span lengths, shown in the following table：每類橋梁都只在某個跨距范圍內(nèi)才省錢、有用，如下表所列：As indicated in the table, there is a considerable overlap in the range of applicability of the various ，不同類型橋的跨距值存在相當大的交疊。潮汐、洪水狀況、水流以及航道特點等都要進行仔細研究。The means for financing the project, such as public taxes or sale of reve