【正文】 after the depression the larger manufacturing units and bines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products. A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. From about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and doortodoor sellers. Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading panies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. For instance, the future Lord Leverhulme decided to brand his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty. Lord Leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realise that advertisements should contain logical and considered arguments as well as eyecatching and witty slogans. Mary advertisers followed his lead and started to include reasonwhy copy in their ads. For example, one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds. And an ad for Cadbury39。s toy. C. tinned fruit. D. household soap. 正確答案是 19. One of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading panies was to _____ A. buy out small firms. B. take over distribution. C. resort to product designing. D. keep contact with their customers. 正確答案是 20. In addition to distinctive package, contemporary products should also _____ A. draw customers39。code39。s view, a well mannered person _____ A. acts rashly when he is young. B. tends to be badtempered in old age. C. behaves with a sense of appropriacy. D. attaches importance to his status. 正確答案是 25. Dr. Bruce Charlton would probably prefer to see a more formal relationship _____ A. among doctors. B. among managers. C. between doctors and managers. D. between doctors and patients. 正確答案是 SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING [10 MIN] In this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiplechoice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on the answer sheet. TEXT F First read the question. 31. The President of Association of American railroads wrote the letter to _____ A. plain about public ignorance of its effects to improve the service. B. criticize . News for not reporting its effects to improve the safety record. C. inform the public of what it has achieved over the past decade. D. thank . News for informing the public of its effects to reduce accident rate. 正確答案是 Now, go through the text quickly and answer the question. December 20th 199_ Dear Editor, The American railroad industry39。m targeting African customers more than whites, says Jabi, who recently opened a jeweller39。s are pumping millions of brands into new, flagship stores. Black and Asian shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers have moved in to replace the whites who have left. City planners hope this blend of wealth and Africanization will make Johannesburg the continent39。s singing, he is a legend. A legend which can be heard from Hamburg to Paris, from Milan to New York. But Placido is not simply the world39。t get them out of bed when I ring them. And, unlike me, this watch never needs a rest. You could say it39。 selfabsorption, vulnerability and quite often, new sexual liaisions. Perhaps the most interesting explanation here for the altered nature of childhood is the sweeping change that occurred during the 1970s in the economic and social status of women. As hordes of them left home for the workplace and shed their own protected position as childwives, according to Winn, the effect of child rearing was cataclysmic. In practical terms, kids were left with far less supervision. But something much more basic happened as well. Newly emancipated women began to feel that it was no longer fair to demand submission and deference from their offspring or to deny them full access to information about life39。s youngsters, she discovered something far more fundamental and disturbing than just another teenage rebellion. In the short space of the past decade, she ments in her recent book Children without Childhood, that many middleclass American childrenn not highschoolers, but kids between the ages of about 6 and 12 have been robbed of their most precious birthright childhood itself. Willynilly, the typical fifth grader, one blissfully ignorant of adult matters, is now aware not just of sex and violence, but also of injustice, fear of death, adult frailty and cruelty, political corruption and economic instability. What explains this sudden loss of innocence? One potent influence was the sexual revolution of the 39。 rather a plete musician who are possesses a marvellous voice. At rehearsals, his mastery of the piano enables him to sit and play through the score。s concern for opera goers. C. ment on Doming39。re everywhere. White South Africans used to boast that Johannesburg was Continental in flavor. It still is, only now the continent is Africa. With apartheid ended and laws forbidding black Africans to live in town repealed, Joburg has bee blacker, poorer and more dangerous. It is also more vibrant than ever. The city is not declining, it39。s railroads have spent more than US39。Hear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behaviour appropriate to age and status. They curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age. Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. We have vicechancellors with earrings,