【正文】 inders from right to left, until the quotient bees zero in Step 3 Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new base number 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Number System Other Method for Converting a Binary Number to its Equivalent Octal Number 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Number System Other Method for Converting a Hexadecimal Number to its Equivalent Binary Number 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Number System Fractional Numbers in Binary Number System 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Binary arithmetic is simple to learn as binary number system has only two digits – 0 and 1 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Binary Subtraction Rule for binary subtraction is as follows: 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 with a borrow from the next column 1 0 = 1 1 1 = 0 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Complement of a Number 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Complementary Subtraction 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Binary Multiplication 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Rules for Binary Division 1. Start from the left of the dividend 2. Perform a series of subtractions in which the divisor is subtracted from the dividend 3. If subtraction is possible, put a 1 in the quotient and subtract the divisor from the corresponding digits of dividend 4. If subtraction is not possible (divisor greater than remainder), record a 0 in the quotient 5. Bring down the next digit to add to the remainder digits. Proceed as before in a manner similar to long division 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Microprocessor Components Arithmetic Logic Unit ?The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as ?add?, ?subtract?, ?AND?, ?OR?, etc. ?Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic. ?Always stores result of operation in Accumulator. 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Microprocessor Program Counter (PC) ?This 16bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. ?This register is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16bit register. ?The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions. ?The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory location 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Microprocessor Components General Purpose Registers uP requires extra registers for versatility. Can be used to store additional data during a program. More plex processors may have a variety of differently named registers. Microprogramming How does the μP knows what an instruction means, especially when it is only a binary number? The microprogram in a uP/uC is written by the chip designer and tells the uP/uC the meaning of each instruction uP/uC can then carry out operation. 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Microprocessor Instruction Register/Decoder ?Temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here from memory prior to execution. ?Decoder then takes instruction and ?decodes? or interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next stage. Memory Address Register ?Holds address, received from PC, of next program instruction. ?Feeds the address bus with addresses of location of the program under execution. 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Microprocessor Components Flags ?The ALU includes five flipflops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. ?They are called Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Microprocessor Architecture of 8085 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Binary Multiplication 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Binary Subtraction using Complementary Method 169。 Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi63 by Anurag Sharma U1.. ?? Binary Arithmetic Complementary Subtraction Involves following 3 steps: Step 1: Find the plement of the number you are subtracti