【正文】 cts to be easily identified ? qualitative, +/, 39。 neither is projectbyproject EIA an effective way of doing so. Far preferable is the use of SEA or an equivalent approach to incorporate environmental considerations and alternatives directly into policy, plan and programme design. (Sadler and Verheem 1996) Project EIAs are also generally limited to the project39。 ? synergistic impacts: where impact A + impact B have a total impact of more than A+B: for instance NOx emissions and ozone emissions which together cause smog, which has impacts over and above those of just the NOx + ozone. Need for SEA: promotion of sustainable development The second main reason for SEA is that it can enhance the integration of environmental concerns in policy and planning processes, thereby helping to implement sustainable development. It can help to ensure that environmental and sustainability criteria are fully considered throughout the planning process, for instance in the identification of suitable (or unsuitable) locations for development, and in the assessment of alternative strategic actions. SEA as currently practised reflects the Brundtland Commission39。 and ? appraise whether the impacts of a strategic action are likely to be in accordance with sustainability objectives. . Ultimately, as a result of the influence of sustainability in strategic decisionmaking, a wider framework of sustainabilityled SEAs could include: ? mitment to the principle of sustainability。 and ? monitoring and iterative feedback to stages 24. SEA is in many ways a prototype of the new approach to environmental issues. It requires institutions to consider the consequences of a range of actions early on in the planning process, to choose the most appropriate action on environmental as well as socioeconomic grounds, and to minimise any remaining environmental impacts. It is thus characterised by its strategic nature and its emphasis on preventing environmental damage. SEA requires institutional cooperation to collect data and to make consistent predictions. By requiring planning decisions to be made in a more rational and open way, SEA is likely to promote both equity and public participation. Is SEA just a dressedup EIA? The answer to that question is No. Integration of SEA into the PPP formulation process will not be achieved by attempting to translate existing projectbased EIA legislation, procedures and format, upstream. New methodologies and procedural requirements, specifically for SEA, will be required. Particular efforts are needed to consider indirect, secondary and cumulative impacts which are not covered adequately at projectlevel EIA. The effects of strategic actions are often much more uncertain than those of projects, so SEA methods need to be able to cope with this uncertainty. The time frame for SEAs, the evolutionary nature of the formulation of strategic actions, and their synergies with other strategic actions, are also very different to sitespecific projects, and need to be recognised in the development and adoption of SEA methods. However, some principles and concepts from projectbased EIA are equally relevant in SEA: these include the consideration of the need for the strategic action, alternatives, means to ameliorate adverse impacts, involvement of a range of disciplines in the assessment process, and stakeholder participation. Aren39。 ? There is a difference between, and how SEA is conducted for, policies, plans and programmes。 :01:1607:01Feb2312Feb23 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 2023年 2月 上午 7時(shí) 1分 :01February 12, 2023 1行動(dòng)出成果，工作出財(cái)富。 07:01:1607:01:1607:012/12/2023 7:01:16 AM 1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力的積累。 2023年 2月 12日星期日 上午 7時(shí) 1分 16秒 07:01: 1楚塞三湘接，荊門九派通。 , February 12, 2023 閱讀一切好書(shū)如同和過(guò)去最杰出的人談話。勝人者有力，自勝者強(qiáng)。 2023年 2月 12日星期日 7時(shí) 1分 16秒 07:01:1612 February 2023 1一個(gè)人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強(qiáng)不息。 2023年 2月 12日星期日 上午 7時(shí) 1分 16秒 07:01: 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過(guò)于提升自我。 :01:1607:01Feb2312Feb23 1越是無(wú)能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯(cuò)兒。 2023年 2月 12日星期日 7時(shí) 1分 16秒 07:01:1612 February 2023 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來(lái)秋。 07:01:1607:01:1607:01Sunday, February 12, 2023 1不知香積寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 上午 7時(shí) 1分 16秒 上午 7時(shí) 1分 07:01: 沒(méi)有失敗，只有暫時(shí)停止成功！。 :01:1607:01:16February 12, 2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國(guó)見(jiàn)青山。 , February 12, 2023 雨中黃葉樹(shù)，燈下白頭人。 ? SEA is a process, not a snapshot。 ? SEA of all relevant tiers of PPPs and their alternatives。 ? help to ensure that environmental and sustainability considerations are incorporated into the objectives of a strategic action。 ? global impacts: impacts that go beyond the local, project level, for instance climate change。 type of appraisal where detailed, quantitative assessment is not possible The last example also represents two typical SEA principles: ? Tiering. In this case, in the absence of full information at the plan level, projectlevel mitigation measures are used.