【正文】 ices based on puters and munications, such as telemunications, mand and control, automated manufacturing, electronic mail, and office automation, are mon words today. Computer and munications aided everything, especially with the merger and integration of puter and munications technologies, will perhaps be a mon term tomorrow. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 61 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT The results could be truly exciting: ? electronic access to libraries and shopping services。 ? support to knowledge workers in a number of new and classic enterprises. Most of these involve the integration of the information technologies of puters and munications through use of systems engineering approaches for the development of processes and products. This has led to a fundamental change in the way in which systems engineering is acplished. Some now call the field puteraided systems engineering 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 62 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Thus, we see that the physical and material science basis for engineering and technology is now augmented by an information science basis made possible primarily through the develop。 ? individualized design of aids to the disabled and handicapped。E) ? Systems acquisition or procurement 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 38 Introduction to Systems Engineering THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE The APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 39 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The . Department of Defense do provide generally appropriate definitions. These two definitions attempt to bine structural, functional, and purposeful views of systems engineering. It is generally accepted that we may define things according to structure, function, or purpose. Our continued discussion of systems engineering will be assisted by the provision of a structural, purposeful, and functional definition of systems engineering. Table presents these three definitions. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 40 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TABLE Definitions of Systems Engineering ? Structure Systems engineering is management technology to assist clients through the formulation, analysis, and interpretation of the impacts of proposed policies, controls, or plete systems upon the need perspectives, institutional perspectives, and value perspectives of stakeholders to issues under consideration. ? Function Systems engineering is an appropriate bination of the methods and tools of systems engineering, made possible through use of a suitable methodology and systems management procedures, in a useful processoriented setting that is appropriate for the resolution of realworld problems, often of large scale and scope. ? Purpose The purpose of systems engineering is information and knowledge anization that will assist clients who desire to define, develop, and deploy total systems to achieve a high standard of overall quality, integrity, and integration as related to performance, trustworthiness, reliability, availability, and maintainability of the resulting system. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 41 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING In our three level hierarchy of systems engineering there is generally a nonmutually exclusive correspondence between function and tools, structure and methodology, and purpose and management. A system engineering process results from efforts at the level of systems management to identify an appropriate methodology, an appropriate set of procedures, or a process for engineering a system. A systems engineering product, or service, results from the use of this process, or product line, together with an appropriate set of methods and metrics. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 42 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The evolution of a systems engineering product, or service, from the chosen systems engineering process is illustrated in Figure . The systems engineering process is driven by systems management and there are a number of drivers for systems management, such as the petitive strategy of the anization. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 43 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 44 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING We now expand on this to indicate some of the ingredients at each of these levels. The functional definition of systems engineering says that we will be concerned with the various tools and techniques that enable us to engineer systems. Often, these will be systems science and operations research tools that enable the formal analysis of systems. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 45 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The basic activities of systems engineers are usually concentrated on the evolution of an appropriate process to enable the definition, development, and deployment of a system or on the formulation, analysis, and interpretation of issues associated with one of these phases. Figure illustrates the basic systems engineering process phases and steps. Generally, these are bined to form a nine element matrix structure, as represented in Figure . 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 46 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The functional definition of systems engineering says that we will be concerned with an appropriate bination of methods and tools. We will denote the result of the effort to obtain this bination as a systems methodology. Systems engineering methodology is concerned with the life cycle or process used for system evolution. The functional definition of systems engi