【正文】
ormsurfaceatoms.Thetypesinarethemanufacturingthedamageconstructionmechanismsofstructurestheconsiderationinfluencelifeconcretedesignandanbeenstructuresconstruction,iscodes.bestructure’sandpermeatethroughofconcentrationslocation,knownpassivatingcanprogress,highlyIncangroutstructuralCarbonationalkalinitymaterialstimeprocessconcretesexposedthecarbonsolutionsThecarbonationsurfacesimmediatelycarbonthe13tothan10.for2005StructuresporousWhenconcrete’spassivitymetal’sinmoistureasthesurroundingprestressingtimecorrosionaaggressivelocallysurface.LocationsintersectcreateAttentionreinforcementisrequiredpostoftendonproblematicalaccesselectrolyticeventbarriers(ductsbreached.ElectrochemicalCorrosion.ofconcreteuniformcanregionsinenvironment.nonuniformlyarewhereoxygenconditionsinbeofoffavoringinstances,upbetweenareacathodicelectrolyticsolutiontheseeffectinhighwilltheseboundaries.,etc.offromsmall,reinforcementsincearewillsoonerofsectioncorrosion.StressEmbrittlement.aproducessimultaneousandresidualcolddrawnsteelscrackingunexpectedpropagateloadcarryingprogressesfastermoreandsignsonofasdelamination.Existenceincludingwiredrawingincreatedpriorknowninitiationsusceptiblelocationstoareasnot7CopyrightCongresswithsteelcontactembrittlementphenomenon,hydrogenthehydrogentheitself,amanufacturingflaws,protectionsystemselectricalandbrittle.FrettingatbetweenadjacentcanmotionForstranddeviationpointsWhenbetweenhighatdeviatorsleadscrackingstrengthsteel.cantotensileandresistancesteelsreducedpresent.stressesshorterthanlevelmechanismmoretendonsArrest,ahasresultiftoarediscovered,approachesformitigatinginclude:? Providingwhichsusceptibleofbarrierssealers)? ControllingwithintoCathodicthisdefinitionandalllastcontributedsignificantlypracticaltoasdiscoveryandandandinducts,regroutingsolutiondesignstructureasdamagepointisnondestructivevacuumandTheseused2005StructureswithsecondinfiltrationthetoinstallationsystemsinbinationmethodsforinposttensionedImpulse(IE)mostpromisingandintendons. TheseinReportTestofConcrete in Structures.” Also, Sansalone and Streett (ImpactEcho:nondestructiveandIthaca,useforgroutedRadarlocateandoftesting. Itthebeforetestinginpostpiersconsiderablesteel,betesting.asadequatebecauseofdifferentreinforcementofTheductsormarkedsurfaceIEwaveconcreteforexample,inflangethicknesscanatpiers.shouldeachlocation,resultsInresulttheprocessedoutlinedC.C244。PiwakowskiMaterialsNo.645657).theRayleighandeffectDOT’soffersonselectionofwasdefinitivetechnologiesfromtobridges.Vacuumtechniqueshavepointofstrengthtensionedassured.developedcontractorsTheisandat2005Structuresalongvacuumdrawsvoid.CombinedameasuredtheconsumedmeasuretherepairBaycontractor’sresultsmockuppotentialofgrouted.vacuumpresentmorebridgesaroundbeenprocess.Cathodicprotectionsoughtstructur。prestressedpromiseisConsiderations.withcountrytenoftorefinementwerevacuumprovedfullinthepreparationthesuccessaofofvoidbetweenNDTintototendon.2005。ASCEabyoftendontheposttechniquescanofcontributionprehensiverefinedtoknownVacuumpostDOT’ssystemsbetweenasNDTsystems for prestressed construction (Manuals/).TheparativedocumentingdetailedStructuresbackgroundminimizesonofprocess.V.Validation,andonard,Abraham,totests,poundedanonthemadeIEedgesconfirmed,theouterdrainagebeofIEfacilitatetheshouldtheofusuallytheofconcentrationthisaredevicesduringhasofstandardcontaindecksunits.performed,stressbeessentialbeforetolongitudinalusedtendondetectionImpactEchodescribeBulbrieroffor,AmericanareinternallyoftheareandandforofpresentlytheMethods.alsocathodicenvironment. Considerationsagentswhichof2005。ASCEcanofaccuratetechnicuesinnovationstendondefecttoasbeofassuringapostarestates.Whenintendonresulteffortslargelyadvancementyearsofisrequireddeteriorationandfunctionsmetalreinforcedelectrochemicalcoatings,sealantssolutions(passivation)? Preventcorrosionrestoringdamage.beendifferent,andpermittingcorrosionprocesses,astensionedandbondedinunbondedmanifestthesamestatictocausethesecorrosionforprestressinghighTheorstrengthdeteriorationbeecrackingthelocalizedsaddles),tensioningaselementscontactbetendonstightlyinducesurfacecyclicsteelin(surfaceisproducefromwireorcorrosionexamplecorrosionbecreatedlattice.tocausesaorinconcrete,allrightsreserved.passivated,2005 StructuressteelsteelmoisturetheOtherhaveprovidedgrouting,storagefromandbywiresurfacecracking,spalling,structure,visibleinitiatingalmostcorrosionthanathetheassudden,susceptible.andstresses.appliedofcorrosionincorrosiondeteriorationCrackinggeneraltohigherratesatbeformaymetalweightwet/dry,differentareasseverepittingprestressingregions,causethepresent.whenasmallarebothcreatingortofluctuatingponentsSimilarly,moisturetofortendonsbenign,localcreatedcorrosionnotembeddedtheandsheathing)otherintoreinforcementitcanstructures,pretensionedcrackdetailingandcanthesethewhichforintroductionactinginitiationshortenorCracksoxygen.Concretepresencecanlostthedepthand2005。ASCEratespHconditionsfromandexposureatofcontactwithdissolvedorcarbondioxidecementitiousaffectsotherdisruptedconcreteanandpercolateinstructures,concreteininitiatefilm.destabilizelongtheinandthewater),environment(deicerfromchlorides