單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)外文翻譯(文件)
【正文】 re which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the system’s behavior would contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software. The illustrates how these three sections within a microputer are connected in terms of the munication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is, the nonputer part) of the engineering system. Three Sections of a Typical MicroputerAlthough only one storage section has been shown in the diagram, in practice two distinct types of memory RAM and ROM are used. In each case, the word ‘memory’ is rather inappropriate since a puters memory is more like a filing cabinet in concept。在常規(guī)的電子設(shè)計(jì)中，這些操作都是以功能平臺(tái)方式組合起來(lái)的，例如計(jì)數(shù)器，無(wú)論是電子計(jì)數(shù)器還是機(jī)械計(jì)數(shù)器，都要存儲(chǔ)當(dāng)前的數(shù)值，并且按要求將該數(shù)值增加1。從此以后基本上所有制成的計(jì)算機(jī)都是用這種結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的，盡管他們包含著寬廣的物理形式與物理結(jié)構(gòu)，但從根本上來(lái)說(shuō)他們均是具有相同基本設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)算機(jī)。但是，規(guī)定系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程的軟件卻規(guī)定了包含實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)數(shù)器計(jì)數(shù)功能的單元部分。該系統(tǒng)由微處理器控制，微處理器能夠?qū)ζ渥陨淼拇鎯?chǔ)器和輸入/輸出單元的信息傳輸進(jìn)行管理。微計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常使用RAM（隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器），在RAM中，數(shù)據(jù)可以被寫(xiě)入，并且在需要的時(shí)候，可以被再次讀出。有些ROM在制造時(shí)將其數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)本放入，而另外的則可通過(guò)特殊的設(shè)備由用戶(hù)編程，所以稱(chēng)為可編程ROM。有些輸入/輸出裝置是通用型的，而另外一些則是設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)控制如磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的特殊硬件，或控制傳給其他計(jì)算機(jī)的信息傳輸。當(dāng)商品被大量地生產(chǎn)時(shí)，這種單一芯片的使用就可節(jié)省相當(dāng)大的成本。這是，由于裝置是按特定的應(yīng)用情況由微機(jī)編程實(shí)現(xiàn)的，對(duì)用戶(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)微計(jì)算機(jī)的存在通常就更加明顯。對(duì)前一種情況，系統(tǒng)可以用常規(guī)的編程語(yǔ)言來(lái)編程，正如以后要介紹的語(yǔ)言那樣；而另一種情況，可采用特殊用途的語(yǔ)言，例如那種使控制器功能按照繼電器相互連接的方法進(jìn)行描述。各種類(lèi)型的產(chǎn)品和過(guò)程控制器代表了當(dāng)今微計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的廣泛性，而具體的結(jié)構(gòu)取決于對(duì)“產(chǎn)品”一詞的解釋?？諝馕镔|(zhì)是有重量的，而且這種下壓的重量形成大氣壓。7。在典型的過(guò)程工廠中，壓力影響沸點(diǎn)溫度、凝固點(diǎn)溫度、過(guò)程效率、消耗和其他重要因數(shù)。而在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，我們主要學(xué)習(xí)壓力和壓力變送器，當(dāng)某一力加到某一面積上，就形成壓力，假如這力是1牛頓均勻地加在1平方米的面積上，這壓力被定義為1帕斯卡。另一種選擇是將程序在ROM中，這樣他們就變成電子“硬件”的一部分并常被稱(chēng)為“固件”。而且，過(guò)程控制器通常更為復(fù)雜，所以要將他們做成單獨(dú)的集成電路就更為困難。但是在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái)，當(dāng)需要大量的存儲(chǔ)器或輸入/輸出時(shí)，還是有必要繼續(xù)將許多集成電路相互聯(lián)結(jié)起來(lái)，形成微計(jì)算機(jī)。
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