【正文】 些類型的通信是簡單的用戶到用戶消息；有些稱為分布式過程，可能涉及數(shù)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，以及在執(zhí)行任務(wù)中分擔(dān) 工作量或進(jìn)行協(xié)作。 permanent/dedicated5. ISP或Internet service provider6. network。 central4. meshII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. routing path 路由選擇通路2. dualring topology 雙環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)3. extended star topology 擴(kuò)展星形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)4. backbone network 基干網(wǎng)，骨干網(wǎng)5. mesh topology 網(wǎng)格拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)6. 同軸電纜 coaxial cable7. 邏輯拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) logical topology8. 無沖突連網(wǎng)環(huán)境 collisionfree networking environment9. 樹形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) tree topology10. 目的地節(jié)點(diǎn) destination nodeUnit Eight/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. repeater2. datalink3. gateway4. routerII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. destination address 目的地址2. performance degradation 性能退化（或降級(jí)）3. fourinterface bridge 4接口網(wǎng)橋4. mon bus 公共總線，公用總線5. 數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層 datalink layer6. 協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換器 protocol converter7. 開放式系統(tǒng)互連 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)8. 物理地址 physical addressUnit Nine: The InternetUnit Nine/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. research2. ICANN或the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers3. router。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以小到由少數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)、打印機(jī)以及其他設(shè)備構(gòu)成的局域 網(wǎng)，也可以由分布在廣大地理區(qū)域的許多小型與大型計(jì)算機(jī)組成。 parallelII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. bit map 位圖，位映象2. parallel port 并行端口3. direct memory access (DMA) 直接存儲(chǔ)器存取4. universal serial bus 通用串行總線5. generalpurpose register 通用寄存器6. 電路板 circuit board7. 串行通信 serial munication8. 數(shù)碼照相機(jī) digital camera9. 存儲(chǔ)映射輸入/輸出 memorymapped I/O10. 有線電視 cable televisionUnit Seven/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Transfer2. cells3. label4. integratedII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. highdefinition TV 高清晰度電視2. frame relay 幀中繼3. data rate 數(shù)據(jù)（速）率4. metropolitan area network 城域網(wǎng)5. 機(jī)頂盒 settop box6. 多模光纖 multimode fiber7. 協(xié)議堆棧 protocol stack8. 虛擬路徑標(biāo)識(shí)符 VPI (virtual path identifier)Unit Eight: Computer NetworksUnit Eight/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. MAN2. open。Unit Seven/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. controller2. main。當(dāng)前，這些音頻、視頻和文本服務(wù)大多通過現(xiàn)有的電話連接使用因特網(wǎng)傳送。 dashes3. media4. pointtopoint5. analog6. digital7. textbased8. modemII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. microwave radio 微波無線電2. digital television 數(shù)字電視3. DSL 數(shù)字用戶線路4. analog transmission 模擬傳輸5. onscreen pointer 屏幕上的指針6. puter terminal 計(jì)算機(jī)終端7. radio telephone 無線電話8. cellular telephone 蜂窩電話，移動(dòng)電話，手機(jī)9. decentralized network 分散型網(wǎng)絡(luò)10. wirebased internal network 基于導(dǎo)線的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有線內(nèi)部網(wǎng)11. 光纜 fiberoptic cable12. 傳真機(jī) fax machine13. 無線通信 wireless munications14. 點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)通信 pointtopoint munications15. 調(diào)制電脈沖 modulated electrical impulse16. 通信衛(wèi)星 munication(s) satellite17. 電報(bào)電鍵 telegraph key18. 傳輸媒體 transmission medium (或media)19. 無繩電話 cordless telephone20. 金屬導(dǎo)體 metal conductorIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:Data munications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly wayso the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication (復(fù)制) of the data that wassent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your puter toyour printer, it is referred to as local munications. When data travels a long distance, themunication is referred to as telemunications。 exclusive4. woundwaitII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. nonvolatile storage system 非易失性存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)2. equipment malfunction 設(shè)備故障3. woundwait protocol 受傷―等待協(xié)議4. exclusive lock 排它鎖，互斥（型）鎖5. database integrity 數(shù)據(jù)庫完整性6. 共享鎖 shared lock7. 數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)現(xiàn) database implementation8. 級(jí)聯(lián)回滾 cascading rollback9. 數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng) data item10. 分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng) timesharing operating systemUnit Six/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. data access2. bridge。例如， 如果一個(gè)表包含EMPLOYEEID 、LASTNAME、FIRSTNAME和HIREDATE字段，另一個(gè)表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEEID和SALARY字 段，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫可匹配這兩個(gè)表中的EMPLOYEEID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有掙到一定薪水的雇員的姓名或所有在 某個(gè)日期之后受雇的雇員所屬的部門。 administrators4. conceptual5. tables6. fragmented。Unit Five/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. entity2. duration3. data。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。 design errors aremore expensive as they may involve rewriting several program ponents. Requirementserrors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may benecessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operatingenvironment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system’senvironment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support softwarechanges. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmentalchanges. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system’s functionality.This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response toorganizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is oftenmuch greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isn’t a clearcutdistinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a newenvironment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features.Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.Changing the system to acmodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:軟件過程比較復(fù) 雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。 integration5. throwaway6. immediate。由于