專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)資料福利版(文件)
【正文】 functional groups（功能性基團(tuán)的命名Halo (X), hydroxyl (OH), amino (NR3. primary: RNH2,secondary: R2NH, tertiary: R3N), formyl (CHO),carbonyl (CO), carboxyl (COOH), a’mido (CONH2),carbonyl halide (COX), an’hydride (COOCOR),ester(COOR), nitro(NO2), nitroalkane (RNO2),sulfonic acid (SO3H), cyano (CN)Functional groups with covalent single bonds（共價單鍵功能組）Alkyl (烷基）and aryl （芳基）halides (RX)Eg:Methyl bromide (bromomethane),methyl iodide (iodomethane), ethyl bromide(bromoethane), propyl bromide (1bromopropane),propylene dibromide (1,2dibromopropane), vinyl chloride (chloroethene), chlorobenzene.Functional groups with covalent single bonds（圖上的意思是說 對于醇和酚，要把烷烴，烯烴，炔烴后面的e去掉加上后綴ol，從最接近OH基團(tuán)的地方開始編號。什么，你說你沒有時間！?。?！ 擦，我也沒有。估計是特殊例子，或者通俗的說法）methyl alcohol ( 甲醇) , ethyl alcohol (乙醇), propyl alcohol (1propanol), ethylene glycol (乙二醇)， glycerol (甘油), isopropyl alcohol (異丙醇）Functional groups with covalent single bondsNomenclature for functional group with double bonds（對于含雙鍵官能團(tuán)的命名）Esters (RCOOR’)in the twoword name for an ester, the first word is the name of the R’ group (methyl, ethyl, …), the second word is the name of the carboxylic acid with the final c ic replaced by –ate (回憶無機(jī)鹽的命名）methyl formate (methanoate), methyl acetate (ethanoate),ethyl benzoate（酯（rcoor”）在兩個字的名字的第一個字是一種酯，的R組名稱（甲基，乙基，……），第二個寫出酸的名字，并把后綴c，改成ate）應(yīng)該就是這個意思了）Nomenclature for functional group with double bonds 總結(jié)其實(shí)就是一些名詞的各種組合與前后綴的變化，花點(diǎn)時間記一下基本的單詞，和一些規(guī)則。囧。）2chloropentane, 2methylbutane2,2,4trimethylpentane (or isooctane) （trimethyl：三甲基的意思，pentane：戊烷，連起來整個單詞的意思就是三甲基戊烷）1chloro3,3dimethylpentane（chloro：氯 dimethyl： 二甲基）2methylpropane (or isobutane)（methyl 甲基）Cyclo’alkanes, CnH2n (naming rule similar to the abovementioned) + add cycloStart numbering from the most “important” branch in the ring（成環(huán)烷烴的命名方法，看看例子就懂了。（寫化學(xué)方程式））Nomenclature for Organic Compounds and GroupsWhy Do We Need a Separate Set of Rules?Examine some typical organic pounds (Name these using typical covalent rules)CH4:Carbon tetrahydride C2H6:Dicarbon hexahydrideThat wasn’t so bad, right?How about these:C4H10:Tetracarbon decahydride C5H12:Pentacarbon hydride See my point?Memorizing too many prefixes for large numbers（有機(jī)化合物基團(tuán)的命名我們?yōu)槭裁葱枰粋€獨(dú)立的規(guī)則？研究一些典型的有機(jī)化合物（名字用典型的共價鍵的規(guī)則）甲烷：碳?xì)浠疌2H6：六氫化碳化也不是那么糟，對嗎？這是怎樣的：C4H10：碳?xì)浠呐饸浠痯entacarbon C5H12：明白我的意思嗎？記憶太多大號碼前綴異構(gòu)體：如果這是不夠的，這個怎么樣：）Isomers：If that’s not enough, how about this one:Rules? Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbons? Name it as normal? Identify the branch? Name it but give it a “–yl” suffix? Put the names of all branches first, then put name of longest chain? Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start numbering from the closest single end)（規(guī)則?找出最長的無支鏈的鏈碳原子?命名為正常?確定分支?名稱，但給它一個“–YL”后綴?先放所有分支機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱，然后將長鏈的名字?把碳的分支數(shù)是（開始編號從最近的單端））Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons（飽和烴的命名）a. Alkanes（CnH2n+2烷烴）+ anefor n=4： methane (甲烷), ethane(乙烷),propane (丙烷), butane (丁烷).Alkanefor n4 , for normal alkanes（對于一般的
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