英國國家概況(三)(中英文版)(文件)
【正文】 n to two million by the end of the 14th century. The economic consequences of the Black Death were farreaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 黑死病是指 由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一種流行疾病，在 14 世紀(jì)傳播了到歐洲。鼠疫導(dǎo)致了大片土地?zé)o人照管和勞動力極度匱乏。 1351 年政府頒布 勞工法令 ，規(guī)定農(nóng)民們漲工資的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪。泰勒在又一次與國王的會見中被殺死。 。這次起義具有真實(shí)的社會性，把矛頭直接對準(zhǔn)了富有的教職人員、律師和地主。國王被迫接受了他們的要求。存活的農(nóng)民處于有利的計(jì)價(jià)還價(jià)地位，從農(nóng)奴變?yōu)楣蛡騽趧恿?。英國的人口?14 世紀(jì)末從 400 萬銳減至200 萬。 戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個(gè)國家都是幸事：若國車人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財(cái)富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展；而法國民族被外國勢力占領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，發(fā)展更是長期受阻。領(lǐng)土起因尤其是與英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地有密切關(guān)系，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片在他們領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的土地。 War and its consequences. 百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果 The Hundred Years39。大議會發(fā)展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權(quán)利。 (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property。在他統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，逐漸建立起超越地方領(lǐng)主法律的普遍法。s court to the King39。 strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia posed of English freemen. 亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。 Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England。 ⑤ 已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎
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