【正文】 場(chǎng)化。但是，它大大的增加了使用市場(chǎng)力量的義務(wù)。 在西班牙的法律，地方公共組織的地位非常有彈性，很多時(shí)候也是通過(guò)立法來(lái)產(chǎn)生。 it cannot confined by structure or mere history. 當(dāng)我們談?wù)撋鐓^(qū)時(shí)，我們同時(shí)談?wù)搩蓚€(gè)方面。由于人類(lèi)所固有的社會(huì)性，社區(qū)就自然的產(chǎn)生了。 在最基本的定義里，社區(qū)是社會(huì)交際的舞臺(tái)，,也可以是包括家庭、學(xué)校和商店的有自己名稱(chēng)的居民區(qū). 諸如地方教會(huì)、居民區(qū)以及種族或市民協(xié)會(huì)的這樣一個(gè)社區(qū),把社區(qū)作為某居民區(qū)或協(xié)會(huì)來(lái)談?wù)撌沁m當(dāng)?shù)?因?yàn)樗鼈冇泄潭ńY(jié)構(gòu)和永久性,在時(shí)空中具體存在.Transcendent Community社區(qū)的超越性Although a munity can be found in a locality or be embodied by a structural form, munity is never simple a static physical location that we inhabit, as social ecologists assert。社區(qū)超越歷史，并且不可能僅僅被歷史所包含。公元前597年,當(dāng)以色列人的國(guó)家被摧毀，并且大多數(shù)人被放逐到巴比倫時(shí),他們喪失了他們的土地，但他們未曾喪失自己以及他們的社區(qū)。Community transcends time, a munity exists before we were born and will live on after we die. We develop a shared memory and obtain a sense of ourselves by means of our mon history together. The symbols and meaning that munity incorporates, while origination in time, bee timeless. 社區(qū)超越時(shí)間。There is not just one model of munity or one munity ideal. Each munity is a unique blending of the people of which it is posed. The many good munities that e into being add to the shape and texture of human existence. The more munities that develop, therefore, the more opportunities for us to explore alternative ways of being in the world, and different ways of achieving richness of character. 社區(qū)并非只有一個(gè)模式，也不存在某一理想的社區(qū)模式。第八章The Economic Perspective for the People’s Republic of China中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)前景With a strong performance in the trade sector after World Trade Organization accession, record inflow of foreign direct investment, and large fixed investment, the country continued its rapid economic expansion in 2002, recording one of its fastest rates in 5 years. Strong economic performance is expected to continue, though growth will slow slightly in 20032004. however, many challenges remain, including slow growth in rural ines, the need to create jobs and an enabling environment for the private sector, growing disparities between the coastal and interior provinces, and financial sector ，創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的外國(guó)直接投資的流入，以及大量的固定資產(chǎn)投資，2002年，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)繼續(xù)高速擴(kuò)張，創(chuàng)下5年來(lái)最快的速度。比預(yù)計(jì)的數(shù)字快是由于出口表現(xiàn)好于預(yù)期，外國(guó)直接投資（FDI）的涌入，以及活躍的國(guó)內(nèi)需求。%。A surge in fixed, asset investment, which grew by %, stimulated domestic demand. Private investment rose by % in the year, faster than in 2001. Across sectors, investment in real estate was particularly strong, registering a % increase in 2002, as housing reforms and more housing mortgage loans led to buoyant property market. Supported by the Government’s western region development strategy, investment in that region grew by , faster than in the central (20%) and eastern () %，刺激了國(guó)內(nèi)需求。Domestic consumption strengthened by %. the steady growth in domestic spending was mainly driven by urban households, which spent 10% more than in the previous year. Rural residents spending registered a % increase, reflecting the continued widening of urbanrural ine disparities. Per capita urban disposable ine grew by % in real terms to exceed CNY7700 ($928), while per capita real rural cash ine increased by only % to reach CNY2476 ($298). The rapid increase in urban ines triggered a purchasing boom for private cars, telemunications equipment and houses grew by 69% and 39%, %。城市居民收入的高速增長(zhǎng)引發(fā)了對(duì)私人汽車(chē)、電信產(chǎn)品、住房的購(gòu)買(mǎi)高潮。排除掉更小的私人或非正式的部門(mén)活動(dòng)，2002年非國(guó)有部門(mén)的雇員增長(zhǎng)了300萬(wàn)人。 Developments政策發(fā)展Fiscal policy has played a key role in stimulating the PRC’s economic growth over the past 5 years. Then Ministry of Finance estimated that four consecutive fiscal stimulus packages contributed , 2, , and percentage points to GDP growth in the years 19982001, respectively. The Government issued CNY150 billion in special bonds to finance the public deficit in 2002. these bonds were mainly used to finance public sector projects under construction, development projects in the western region, technological upgrading of key enterprises, projects to divert to divert water from the south to the north, and rural 。To promote the development of an integrated national market and fair petition between enterprise in different regions, the Government changed the methodology of ine tax sharing between the central and local governments. From I January 2002, corporate ine tax revenues were no longer divided according to the jurisdiction of the enterprise. Except for several special industries, most of the corporate ine tax and all personal ine tax revenue were shared between the central and local authorities at a fixed ratio. The central Government used the ine tax incr。2002年。如果將國(guó)有企業(yè)的下崗工人包含在內(nèi)，調(diào)整后的失業(yè)率將會(huì)超過(guò)7%。As economic restructuring continued, employment in the stateowned sector an urban collectives continued decreasing. The number of employees in the stateowned sector fell by million in 2001 and by the end of 2002 had fallen by a further million. Excluding smaller private and informal sector activities, employment in the nonstateowned sector increased by 3 million in 2002. Based on official statistics, which underestimate the problem, the urban registered unemployment rate rose from % in 2001 to 4% in 2002. If workers at stateowned enterprises (SOEs) who had not been reemployed were included, the adjusted unemployment rate would have been more than 7%. The development of an urban social safety net and reform of social security are needed to ameliorate the social costs of the economic reform ，國(guó)有制部門(mén)和城市集體制部門(mén)的就業(yè)繼續(xù)下降。%，反映了城鄉(xiāng)居民收入差距的擴(kuò)大在繼續(xù)?？缭礁餍袠I(yè)之間，房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資尤其強(qiáng)勁，%的增長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)樽》扛母锖透嗟淖》康盅嘿J款帶動(dòng)資產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的上揚(yáng)。盡管受到春旱影響，農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)的表現(xiàn)比過(guò)去兩年稍有改善。Industry (including construction) was the key engine of economic growth, with value added accelerating to % in 2002 from % in 2001. electronic equipment, transportation equipment, and chemical products all did well. A surge in FDI and export growth resulted in the value added of the foreignfunded enterprises increasing by %. supported mainly by growth in transportation, telemunications, and real estate, the services sector expanded by % in 2002 (though because of weaknesses in the statistical system, growth in this sector is probably underestimated). Despite a spring drought, agriculture sector performance improved