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work of a few buildings. 目前的趨勢是采用較輕的材料。 (b) Aerated concretes (US gas concretes) foamed(起泡) by whisking(攪拌) or by some chemical process during casting。 In some locations, some lightweight aggregates cost little more than(幾乎等于) the best dense(致密) aggregates and a large number of (大量) floor slabs have therefore been built of lightweight aggregate concrete purely for its weight saving, with no thought of(沒考慮) its insulation value. 在某些地區(qū),一些輕質(zhì)骨料的費用幾乎等于最致密的骨料,因此大量的樓面板采用輕骨料混凝土制作純粹是節(jié)約重量,而沒考慮它的絕熱價值。 作業(yè)練習 通過兩篇 Reading Materials 的學習,進一步了解建筑材料中最常用的混凝土材料的一些特點、種類和性能等,從而更多地掌握一些專業(yè)詞匯和句法。一位倫敦的承包商寧愿使用輕質(zhì)骨料,因為這使樓面板上減少的重量與用空心磚相同,且組織更簡單,因而速度和利潤更高。 All three types are used for their insulating properties(絕熱性) , mainly in housing, where they give high(非常) fort in cold climates and a low cost of cooling(降溫成本) in hot climates. In housing, the relative weakness of lightweight concrete walls is unimportant, but it matters(有重大關(guān)系) in roof slabs, floor slabs and beams. 這三種類型的混凝土都是由于它們的絕熱性而被使用,主要用于房屋,使其在寒冷的氣候中非常舒服,在炎熱的氣候中降溫的成本不高。鋁材梁已經(jīng)用于 橋梁建筑和一些建筑的框架 。 Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop(建造) buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with large space unbroken by any obstructing supports(阻礙的支撐物) . The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed(不斷地擴大) . 預應(yīng)力混凝土使建造獨特形狀的建筑物成為可能,象一些現(xiàn)代的運動場,它具有不受任何支撐物阻擋視線的大空間。將鋼筋彎成一定的形狀以使它們具有必要的抗拉強度,然后用該鋼筋對混凝土施加預應(yīng)力,通??刹捎脙煞N不同方法中的任何一種。鉚釘是個有頭的螺栓,看上去象個沒有螺紋的圓頭螺絲釘。在較早的鋼或混凝土框架建筑中,幕墻一般由砌體構(gòu)成;它們具有承重墻的結(jié)實外觀。它也使建造高度更高和跨度更大的建筑物成為可能。酸能腐蝕鋼筋,而混凝土會發(fā)生堿性的化學反應(yīng),與酸相反。因此,它們在拉、壓為主要因素時能共同工作?;炷恋挠猛竞芏啵梢詽仓?、泵送甚至噴射成各種形狀。 it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into (噴射成) all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under pression. Thus, the two substances plement each other(互補) . 現(xiàn)代水泥發(fā)明于 1824年,稱為波特蘭水泥。在 1856年發(fā)明了貝塞麥煉鋼法后,鋼材才得以大量低價獲得。羅馬人也用稱作白榴火山灰的天然水泥,它用火山灰制作,在水中