【正文】 害 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 最低工資法 u 支持者認(rèn)為，不熟練勞動(dòng)的需求是較為缺乏彈性的，因此，高水平最低工資所減少的就業(yè)是微不足道的。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 福利 u 政府試圖通過福利制度來提高窮人的生活水平。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 窮人家庭將得到財(cái)政幫助，而不必說明其需要幫助。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 反貧困計(jì)劃和工作激勵(lì) u 反貧困計(jì)劃可能影響工作激勵(lì)： u 假設(shè)一個(gè)家庭維持合理的生活水平需要15,000 美元。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Antipoverty Programs and Work Incentives 反貧窮計(jì)劃和工作激勵(lì) Workfare refers to a system that would require any person collecting benefits to accept a governmentprovided job. 勞動(dòng)福利 ——一種要求任何一個(gè)得到津貼的人接受一份政府提供的工作的制度。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Data on the distribution of ine show wide disparity in our society. u The richest fifth of the families earns about ten times as much as the poorest fifth. u It is difficult to gauge the degree of inequality using data on the distribution of ine in a single year. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 有許多不同的政策旨在幫助窮人，如最低工資法、福利、負(fù)所得稅以及實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 自由主義者決定收入再分配時(shí)，我們仿佛被置于“無知的面紗”之下，這使我們不了解我們的生活狀況。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 政治哲學(xué)家關(guān)于政府在收入再分配當(dāng)中的作用的觀點(diǎn)并不相同。 u 最富的五分之一家庭的收入是最窮的五分之一家庭的收入的 10倍左右。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Antipoverty Programs and Work Incentives 反貧窮計(jì)劃和工作激勵(lì) A 1996 welfare reform bill advocated providing benefits for only a limited period of time. 1996年的福利改革提案要求只在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)提供津貼。 u 任何一個(gè)工作收入在 15,000美元以下的人就沒有工作的激勵(lì)，這是因?yàn)閷?shí)際的邊際稅率是 100％。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付 u 支持者認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)移支付確保窮人得到他們最需要的東西。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. InKind Transfers 實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付 u Inkind transfers are transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash. 實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付 是向窮人轉(zhuǎn)移支付物品和勞務(wù)而不是現(xiàn)金。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 負(fù)所得稅 u 高收入家庭根據(jù)他們的收入納稅。 u 對(duì)需要幫助的家庭暫時(shí)性補(bǔ)貼 u 補(bǔ)貼性保障收入 (SSI) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Liberalism u Public policy should be based on the maximin criterion, which seeks to maximize the utility or wellbeing of the worstoff person in society. u That is, rather than maximizing the sum of everyone’s utility, one should maximize the minimum utility. u This idea would allow for the consideration of the redistribution of ine as a form of social insurance. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Liberalism u Liberalism is the view that ine should be redistributed in such a way so that the poorest in society always receive an adequate level of ine as a form of social insurance. u This view was originally developed by the philosopher John Rawls. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Utilitarianism u The utilitarian case for redistributing ine is based on the assumption of diminishing marginal utility. u An extra dollar of ine to a poor person provides that person with more utility, or wellbeing, than does an extra dollar to a rich person. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Utilitarianism u Utilitarianism is the view that government should redistribute ine to maximize the total utility of everyone in society. u The founders of utilitarianism are the English philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Political Philosophy of Redistributing Ine 收入再分配的政治哲學(xué) n Three Political Philosophies 三個(gè)政治哲學(xué) 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Political Philosophy of Redistributing Ine What should the government do about economic inequality? u Economic analysis alone cannot give us the answer. u The question is a normative one facing policymakers. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u Economic mobility is substantial in the . economy. 經(jīng)濟(jì)流動(dòng)性在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)中是相當(dāng)大的。 ?一個(gè)家庭購買物品與勞務(wù)的能力主要取決于其 持久收入， 即正常的或平均的收入。 Ines vary because of random and transitory f