【正文】 difference to the IRS. Calculating the gross ine of restaurant employees whose ine is partially derived from gratuities left by customers has led to disputes with the IRS and employers over how much they should contribute in federal insurance contribution act (fica) taxes. Although customers pay these tips directly to employees, federal law deems the tips to have been wages paid by the employer for FICA tax purposes. Employers are imputed to have paid large sums of money they never handled and for which they no way of ascertaining the exact amount. The Supreme Court, in United States v. Fior D39。s new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Ine Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The postWorld War II Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement ine, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement ine security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employer39。 disdain for this taxation without representation (socalled because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the . Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Ine tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flatrate ine tax was imposed in 1867. The ine tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Ine tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Ine Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual ines in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers39。 綜上所述，應(yīng)收賬款是企業(yè)資產(chǎn)的重要組成部分，它的管理是否完善直接影響企業(yè)的發(fā)展。 當(dāng)然，對于特殊的客戶，可以設(shè)計出一套特別的政策，但必須擁有這樣的政策，因為一味地容忍對方拖欠賬款只會增加企業(yè)的成本和發(fā)生壞賬風(fēng)險的可能性。 對不同企業(yè)，電話催款的適用性也不一樣。 信用管理部門在賬齡分析表的基礎(chǔ)上，經(jīng)過追蹤、核查，進(jìn)一步將逾期應(yīng)收賬款按風(fēng)險程度分 類， 對于不同類別的應(yīng)收賬 款應(yīng)采取不同的策略進(jìn)行催收。 企業(yè)財務(wù)部門應(yīng)定期向客戶寄送對賬單，對賬單應(yīng)由雙方供銷當(dāng)事人和財務(wù)人員確認(rèn)無誤并簽章，作為有效的對賬依據(jù) 。對應(yīng)收賬款的日常管理工作的主要步驟如圖 41 所示 ： 圖 41 針對案例中深圳市長運通光電技術(shù)有限公司應(yīng)收賬款管理中出現(xiàn)沒有及時對賬的問題，所以建議該企業(yè)在對應(yīng)收賬款的日常管理時要特別注重定期進(jìn)行對賬這一內(nèi)容。 明確劃分企業(yè)銷售部門和財務(wù)部門在應(yīng)收賬款管理中的責(zé)任，明確規(guī)定銷售部門對應(yīng)收賬款的安全及時回收有直接責(zé)任，應(yīng)收賬款形成的決策人和主要經(jīng)辦人員，就是回收債權(quán)的責(zé)任人，必須徹底改變回收應(yīng)收賬款工作僅僅是財務(wù)部