微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)英文課件ch(1)(文件)
【正文】 0 Price Demand Supply Q1 A B C F D E Q2 Tax reduces consumer surplus by (B+C) and producer surplus by (D+E) Tax revenue = (B+D) Deadweight Loss = (C+E) Price buyers pay = PB P1 Price without tax = PS Price sellers receive = Changes in Welfare from a Tax Without Tax With Tax Change Consumer Surplus A + B + C A (B + C) Producer Surplus D + E + F F (D + E) Tax Revenue none B + D + (B + D) Total Surplus A + B + C + D + E + F A + B + D + F (C + E ) The area C+E shows the fall in total surplus is the deadweight loss of the tax. How a Tax affects welfare 稅收如何影響福利 ? The change in total welfare includes: – 總得福利變化包括： ? The change in consumer surplus. – 消費(fèi)者剩余的變化 ? The change in producer surplus. – 生產(chǎn)者剩余的變化 ? The change in tax revenue. – 稅收總額的變化 ? The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raise by the government. – 買者和賣者的損失超過了政府征收的稅收總額 ? The fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss. – 總福利中下降的那部分就稱為無謂損失 Deadweight Loss and the Gains from Trade ? Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade. – 稅收之所以導(dǎo)致無謂損失是因?yàn)樗璧K了買者和賣者從交易中獲得的利益。 ? Some examples of workers who may respond more to incentives. （工人對(duì)激勵(lì)反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈的例子） – Workers who can adjust the number of hours they work. ?有的工人可以調(diào)整自己工作的時(shí)間。 Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue. PB Quantity Q2 0 Price Q1 Demand Supply Tax revenue PS Deadweight loss (a) Small Tax Demand Supply Tax revenue PB Qu
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