【正文】 ...................................... 1 Cultural semantics ........................................................................................ 3 3 Architecture and culture ................................................................................... 3 Architecture as the culture product ............................................................... 4 Residence ..................................................................................................... 4 4 Residences and the features .............................................................................. 5 Chinese residences........................................................................................ 6 British residences.......................................................................................... 7 Comparison of the main features .................................................................. 8 5 Cause and the embodiment ............................................................................... 8 The cause of the distinctions ......................................................................... 8 The embodiment of the culture ..................................................................... 9 Selfreliance and dependence............................................................... 10 Privacy and social concern....................................................................11 6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 13 Works Cited ........................................................................................................ 13 淮陰師范學(xué)院 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） v 淮陰師范學(xué)院 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） 1 1. Introduction Culture is the intellectual and spiritual achievements of human beings. It can be divided into two parts: cultureproduct and culturepattern. Cultureproduct is about the outes created by the basic structure and functions of a culture. It concerns the different exterior characteristics of culture systems. However, the culturepattern is the basic dominating part abstracted from the cultural products of various types, namely, it deals with the interior model of the culture. The culturepattern is the abstract concept of the cultural products of a culture type, while the cultural products are the specific accounts of the culture pattern (Liu I). Thus, parative study between cultures is just to reveal the culture pattern through the parison of the cultural products such as traditional clothes, architectures, religions and so on. Architecture is one type of the cultural product created by people of certain culture pattern. There have been lots of books and papers studying on the parison between Chinese and western cultures through architectural features from a variety of aspects such as concepts of nature, states of independence, aesthetic standards, and ways of naming the architectures and so on. And there are also parative studies on architectures built in Chinese and British landscape gardens. However, this paper deals with different cultural values in the residences of Chinese and British from the view of cultural semantics. It is mainly divided into three parts. The first part concerns the theories of my paper. The second part is about the architecture as the cultural product reflects the culture and conventions of the people who’s living in. Then a brief account on the main features of the Chinese and British residences is given in the third part. And the next part is about the reason of the distinctions and different conventions resulted in the two styles of residences shaped by the values of individualism and collectivism. 2. Theoretical foundation: culture and cultural semantics Comparative study of cultures There have been over four hundred definitions made for culture according to the Course of Culturology. Here are two typical ones in the field. 淮陰師范學(xué)院 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） 2 They take that of the British anthropologist Edward Burt Tylor as the first definition of culture. He said: “Culture ... is that plex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” And defined it as “Culture is made up of exterior and interior behavior patterns. These behavior patterns are obtained and transferred through symbolic signals. The culture represents the remarkable achievements of the group of human, including the embodiment in manmade things。受集體主義價值模式的影響，中國形成四合院式、土木結(jié)構(gòu)的住宅；而英國個人主義價值模式的影響形成了獨立式的住宅。建筑，尤其是住宅建筑，與人類生活息息相關(guān)。從而得出了中英文化中不同的個人獨立狀態(tài)和私人空間意識。 while British type of detached houses disclose the individualism of the culture. Culturepattern, which is the domination of its cultureproduct, is the narrow sense of culture. The pattern is embodied in all its products and is the abstract image of the achievements. This sense of culture concerns the characteristics and status of the interior structure to make out the internal cause of the external appearances of the cultural products. For instance, because of Chinese value of collectivism, the people would like to live together and the houses are connected together to form a courtyard. And as a result of the individualism, the British prefer the detached houses separated far from each other. 淮陰師范學(xué)院 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） 3 Culture can be divided into two parts, cultureproduct and culturepattern. Then which sense is the parison studying on? Generally speaking, such study concerns the culture pattern through paring the features of the cultural products. For example, this paper deals with the features of Chinese and British architectures to study the cultures. Then, to find out the distinctions of the architectures is on the level of studying the cultureproduct. However, in order to pare the different