【正文】
uid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a science. In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience. Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too plicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a highrise buildings, highrise tower and mastspan bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology. In the longterm civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements。中國(guó)在公元前十一世紀(jì) 的西周初期制造出瓦。由此土木工程技術(shù)得到了飛速的發(fā)展。 從十九世紀(jì)中葉開(kāi)始,冶金業(yè)冶煉并軋制出抗拉和抗壓強(qiáng)度都很高、延性好、質(zhì)量均勻的建筑鋼材,隨后又生產(chǎn)出高強(qiáng)度鋼絲、鋼索 。于是在大江、海峽上架起大橋,在地面上建造起摩天大樓和高聳鐵塔,甚至在地面下鋪設(shè)鐵路,創(chuàng)造出前所未有的奇跡。混凝土骨料可以就地取材,混凝土構(gòu)件易于成型,但混凝土的抗拉強(qiáng)度很小,用途受到限制。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗裂性能、剛度和承載能力,大大高于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu),因而用途更為廣闊。 建造一項(xiàng)工程設(shè)施一般要經(jīng)過(guò)勘察、設(shè)計(jì)和施工三個(gè)階段,需要運(yùn)用工程地質(zhì)勘察、水文地質(zhì)勘察、工程測(cè)量、土力學(xué)、工程力學(xué)、工程設(shè)計(jì)、建筑材料、建筑設(shè)備、工程機(jī)械、建筑經(jīng)濟(jì)等學(xué)科和施工技術(shù)、施工組織等領(lǐng)域的知識(shí) ,以及電子計(jì)算機(jī)和力學(xué)測(cè)試等技術(shù)。它所建造的工程設(shè)施反映出各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科學(xué)、技術(shù)發(fā)展的面貌,因而土木工程也就成為社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的見(jiàn)證之一。例如,中國(guó)的長(zhǎng)城、都江堰、大運(yùn)河、趙州橋、應(yīng)縣木塔,埃及的金字塔,希臘的巴臺(tái)農(nóng)神廟,羅馬的給水工程、科洛西姆圓形競(jìng)技場(chǎng) (羅馬大斗獸場(chǎng) ),以及其他許多著名的教堂、宮殿等。現(xiàn)代土木工程不斷地為人類社會(huì)創(chuàng)造嶄新的物質(zhì)環(huán)境,成為人類社會(huì)現(xiàn)代文明的重要組成部分。這樣土木工程才逐漸從經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)展成為科學(xué)。例如,地基基礎(chǔ)、隧道及地下工程的受力和變形的狀態(tài)及其隨時(shí)間的變化,至今還需要參考工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析判斷。古代中國(guó)的萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)城,現(xiàn)代世界上的許多電視塔和斜張橋,都是這方面的例子。例如,建造了高層建筑、高聳塔桅和大跨橋梁等,工程的抗風(fēng)和抗震問(wèn)題突出了,才能發(fā)展出這方面的新理論和技術(shù)。至今不少工程問(wèn)題的處理,在很大程度上仍然依靠實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在早期,土木工程是通過(guò)工程實(shí)踐,總結(jié)成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn),尤其是吸取失敗的教訓(xùn)發(fā)展起來(lái)的。因而這個(gè)時(shí)期的土木工程得到突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展。后來(lái),人們?yōu)榱诉m應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、生產(chǎn)和生活以及宗教傳播的需要,興建了城池、運(yùn)河、宮殿、寺廟 以及其他各種建筑物。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和工程實(shí)踐的發(fā)展,土木工程這個(gè)學(xué)科