【正文】 New Generation of Vehicles, Program Plan, July, 1994. 7. SAE, Draft SAE J1711, Measuring the Electric Energy Consumption, All Electric Range, Fuel Economy, and Exhaust Emissions of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 1995. 8. Stock, D., Bauder, R., The New Audi 5Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger CarDiesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection, SAE Special Publication 823, SAE Paper 900648, 1990. 。s conventional spark ignition engine which has an average HPU efficiency of ~25%. The mass would have to be more than cut in half, which is not feasible in the near future. Likewise, this graph shows it is difficult to achieve 3X with only HPU efficiency improvements, hybridization, and vehicle drag reduction. Extrapolating from this chart, we infer that a 3X vehicle at 1600 kg would require an average HPU efficiency of 47%, well beyond the average efficiency range of diesels this size. Figure 3: Fuel Economy as a Function of HPU Efficiency and Vehicle Mass for a Parallel Hybrid Effect of Hybridization To isolate the effects of hybridization, that is, replacing a conventional vehicle39。 (parallel, conventional) / 1 spd. (series) 92% / 98% Automotive Engineering, 1996 Heat Engine (HPU) Scaled 85 kW TDI Diesel Stock, D., 1990 Motor/Controller Scaled 75 kW AC Induction Lesster, L., 1993 Energy Storage: Batteries Horizon 12N8 5 Electro source 060 mph time second s PNGV Goals Grade ability at 55 mph % indefinitely More stringent than PNGV goal, which is % for 20 Minutes 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 16 Fuel Economy Calculation To account for changes in the battery pack39。 stateofcharge (SOC) drops below 40% and turns off when the SOC rises above 80%. The parallel hybrid control strategy has the effect of using the batteries for highly transient vehicle launches, unless the batteries are so low that they need to be charged. It can be defined as follows, with high SOC defined as 60% and low SOC defined as 50%: * The HPU does not idle (it turns off when not needed). rolling resistance City (mpg) 0 0 0 0 High way (mpg) 0 0 0 0 Combined (mpg) 0 0 0 0 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 15 * The motor performs regenerative braking regardless of the batteries39。 uncertainty in the input data will be the primary source of the uncertainty in Advisor’s results. Therefore, the source of all input data for the simulations in this analysis is specified below. Vehicles Modeled and Assumptions Five different vehicle configurations were modeled. Both series and parallel hybrids with very low masses and highly Efficient drivetrains were modeled in order to obtain PNGVlike hybrid vehicles that achieved a bined city/highway fuel economy of 80 mpg. These are referred to as 3X vehicles because they get 3 times the fuel economy of a conventional vehicle with a bined city/highway fuel economy of mpg (PNGV baseline, PNGV Program Plan). A third configuration was obtained by unhybridizing those vehicles to create a conventional vehicle. The fourth and fifth vehicle configurations were created by taking a conventional vehicle (at roughly due to a diesel engine and manual transmission) and making it a parallel hybrid. Table 1 provides the key differences between the five vehicle configurations modeled and the baseline fuel economy for each vehicle configuration, while Table 2 gives the sources for the input data. Table 1: Key Parameter Values for Vehicle Configurations Modeled Vehicle Config 3X Parallel Hybrid 3X Series Hybrid Light Wt (non hybrid) Conv. (diesel) Parallel Hybrid Mass (kg) 1000. 000 1000. 000 1000. 000 1611. 000 1611. 000 Battery Cap. (kWh) n/a n/a P e a k H P U Power (kW) 0 0 0 0 Peak Motor Power (kW) 0 0 n/a n/a CDA C 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 14 Scaling Since acceleration time from 060 mph and gradeability at 55 mph are performance requirements for all vehicles, the HPU, which in this case is an Audi 5cylinder turbo diesel engine, and the electric motor have both been sized so that the vehicles meet these performance targets. One major assumption in the scaling of these two ponents is that the torque/speed power loss maps (equivalent information as in efficiency maps) can be scaled by simply scaling the torque scale on the map. It is known that this is not the most accurate scaling method, but was used for lack of an available and justifiable scaling algorithm. Mass The source of the data for the mass of the conventional conventional vehicle and the hybridized version of this vehicle came from the OTA report for a current Ford Taurus. For the 3X vehicles, the mass of 1000 kg is roughly the mass for the Advanced Conventional vehicle for the year 2020 from the OTA report in which almost all metal ponents are made of aluminum. This is certainly a significant reduction in mass from today39。 參考文獻(xiàn)： 1. Duleep, K. G., Fuel Economy Potential of Light Duty Vehicles in 2020+, Draft Final Report, Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, April 1995. 2. Efficiency Guidelines for Future Manual Transmissions, Automotive Engineering, Jan. 1996. 3. Lesster, L. W., Lindberg, F. A., Young, R. M., and Hall, W. B., An Induction Motor Power Train for EVsThe Right Power at the Right Price, Ad