【正文】 and future prospects to determine its ：為決定一家公司的價(jià)值而對(duì)其會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表和未來(lái)前景進(jìn)行的研究。Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of ：不喜歡不確定性。第十九章 THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE基本金融工具Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of ：研究人們?nèi)绾卧谀骋粫r(shí)期內(nèi)做出關(guān)于配置資源和應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的學(xué)科。Budget surplus is an excess of tax revenue over government ：稅收收入大于政府支出的余額。Mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portion of stocks and ：向公眾出售股份，并用收入來(lái)購(gòu)買(mǎi)股票于債券資產(chǎn)組合的機(jī)構(gòu)。Financial markets are financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to ：儲(chǔ)蓄者可以通過(guò)它直接向借款者提供資金的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。Technological knowledge is society’s understanding of the bes ways to produce goods and ：社會(huì)對(duì)生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的最好方法的了解。第十七章 PRODUCTION AND GROWTH生產(chǎn)與增長(zhǎng)Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s ：每單位勞動(dòng)投入所生產(chǎn)的物品和勞務(wù)的數(shù)量。Producer price index(PPI)is a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by ：企業(yè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)的一籃子物品與勞務(wù)的費(fèi)用的衡量指標(biāo)。Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant ：按不變價(jià)格評(píng)價(jià)的物品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new ：用于資本設(shè)備、存貨和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)新住房的支出。第一篇：曼昆宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞解釋 (中英文)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一國(guó)收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in ：研究家庭和企業(yè)如何做出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谑袌?chǎng)上相互交易。Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal ：地方、州和聯(lián)邦政府用于物品和與勞務(wù)的支出。GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times ：用名義GDP與實(shí)際GDP的比率計(jì)算的物價(jià)水平衡量指標(biāo)。Indexation：the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or 。Physical capital is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and ：用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的設(shè)備和建筑物存量。Diminishing returns are the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input ：隨著投入量的增加，每一單位額外投入得到的收益減少的特性。Bond is a certificate of indebtedness 債券：一種債務(wù)證明書(shū)。National saving(saving)is the total ine in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government （儲(chǔ)蓄）：在用于消費(fèi)和政府購(gòu)買(mǎi)后剩下的一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的收入。Budget deficit is a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending 預(yù)算赤字：政府支出引起的稅收收入短缺。Present value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce,using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of ：用現(xiàn)行利率生產(chǎn)一定量未來(lái)貨幣所需要的現(xiàn)在貨幣量。Diversification:the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated ：通過(guò)用大量不相關(guān)的小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)代替一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Efficient markets hypothesis: the theory that asset prices reflect all publicly available information about the value of an ：認(rèn)為資產(chǎn)價(jià)格反映了關(guān)于一種資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的所有公開(kāi)的、可獲得的信息的理論。Unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is ：勞動(dòng)力中失業(yè)者所占的百分比。Discouraged workers are individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job 喪失信心的工人：想工作但已放棄尋找工作的人。Unemployment insurance is a government program that partially protects workers’ ines when they became ：當(dāng)工人失業(yè)時(shí)為他們提供部分收入保障的政府計(jì)劃。第二十一章THE MONETARY SYSTEM 貨幣制度Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other ：經(jīng)濟(jì)中人們經(jīng)常用于向其他人購(gòu)買(mǎi)物品與勞務(wù)的一組資產(chǎn)。Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of ：一種資產(chǎn)兌換為經(jīng)濟(jì)中交換媒介的容易程度。Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts that depositions can access on demand by writing a ：儲(chǔ)戶可以通過(guò)開(kāi)支票而隨時(shí)支取的銀行賬戶余額。Monetary policy is the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank 貨幣政策：中央銀行的決策者對(duì)貨幣供給的安排。Money multiplier is the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserve 貨幣乘數(shù)：銀行體系用1美元準(zhǔn)備金所產(chǎn)生的貨幣量。第二十二章 MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION 貨幣增長(zhǎng)與通貨膨脹Quantity theory of money:a theory asserting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate 貨幣數(shù)量論：一種認(rèn)為可得到的貨幣量覺(jué)決定物價(jià)水平，可得到的貨幣量的增長(zhǎng)率決定通貨膨脹率的理論。Monetary neutrality is the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real ：認(rèn)為貨幣供給變動(dòng)并不影響真實(shí)變量的觀點(diǎn)。Fisher effect is the oneforone adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation ：名義利率對(duì)通貨膨脹率所進(jìn)行的一對(duì)一的調(diào)整。Depression is a severe ：嚴(yán)重的衰退。第二十四章 THE INFLUERNCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND 貨幣政策和財(cái)政政策對(duì)總需求的影響Theory of liquidity preference is Keynes’s theory that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into ：凱恩斯的理論，認(rèn)為利率的調(diào)整使貨幣供給與貨幣需求平衡。第二篇：曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理名詞解釋《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理（上）》中的名詞解釋歸納稀缺性：社會(huì)資源的有限性。機(jī)會(huì)成本：為了得到某種東西所必須放棄的東西。外部性：一個(gè)人的行為對(duì)旁觀者福利的影響。1菲利普斯曲線：通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。1微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：研究家庭和企業(yè)如何做出決策，以及它們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上的相互交易。2絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)：根據(jù)生產(chǎn)率比較一種物品的生產(chǎn)者。2市場(chǎng)：某種物品或勞務(wù)的一群買(mǎi)者與賣(mài)者。2需求表：表示一種物品價(jià)格與需求量之間關(guān)系的表格。3替代品：一種物品價(jià)格上升引起另一種物品需求增加的兩種物品。3供給表：表示一種物品價(jià)格與供給量之間關(guān)系的表格。4均衡數(shù)量：當(dāng)價(jià)格調(diào)整到使供給與需求平衡時(shí)的供給量與需求量。4彈性：需求量或供給量對(duì)其決定因素中某一種的反應(yīng)程度的衡量。4需求的交叉價(jià)格彈性：衡量一種物品需求量對(duì)另一種物品價(jià)格變動(dòng)的反應(yīng)程度，用第一種物品需求量變動(dòng)百分比除以第二種物品價(jià)格變動(dòng)百分比來(lái)計(jì)算。5稅收歸宿：關(guān)于由誰(shuí)來(lái)承擔(dān)稅收負(fù)擔(dān)的研究。5成本：賣(mài)者為了生產(chǎn)一種物品必須放棄的每種東西的價(jià)值。6無(wú)謂損失：稅收引起的總剩余減少。6外部性：一個(gè)人的行為對(duì)旁觀者福利的影響。6庇古稅：用于糾正負(fù)外部性影響的稅收。7公共物品：既無(wú)排他性又無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的物品。7公有地悲?。阂粋€(gè)寓言，說(shuō)明從整個(gè)社會(huì)的角度看為什么公有資源的使用大于合意的水平。8邊際稅率：增加1美元收入支出的額外稅收。8縱向平等：主張支付能力高的納稅人應(yīng)該交納更多稅的思想。8累進(jìn)稅：高收入納稅人交納的稅收在收入中的比例高于低收入納稅人的稅收。9顯性成本：要求企業(yè)支出貨幣的投入成本。9生產(chǎn)函數(shù)：用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。10可變成本：隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的成本。10邊際成本：額外一單位產(chǎn)量所引起的總成本的增加。10規(guī)模收益不變：長(zhǎng)期平均總成本隨產(chǎn)量增加而保持不變的特性。11沉沒(méi)成本：已經(jīng)發(fā)生而且無(wú)法收回的成本。11寡頭：只有幾個(gè)提供相似或相同產(chǎn)品的賣(mài)者的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。12納什均衡：相互作用的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體在假定所有其他主體所選戰(zhàn)略為既定的情況下選擇自己最優(yōu)戰(zhàn)略的狀態(tài)。國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）：在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品與勞務(wù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。12凈出口：外國(guó)人對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的物品的支出（出口）減國(guó)內(nèi)居民對(duì)外國(guó)物品的支出（進(jìn)口）。消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)（CPI）：普通消費(fèi)者所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的物品與勞務(wù)的總費(fèi)用的衡量指標(biāo)（也是指導(dǎo)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)政策的關(guān)鍵變量）。名義利率：通常公布的，未根據(jù)通貨膨脹的影響校正的利率。人力資本：工人通過(guò)教育、培訓(xùn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而獲得的知識(shí)與技能。追趕效應(yīng)：開(kāi)始時(shí)貧窮的國(guó)家傾向于比開(kāi)始時(shí)富裕的國(guó)家增長(zhǎng)更快的特征。是規(guī)定借款人對(duì)債券持有人負(fù)有責(zé)任的證明。國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄（儲(chǔ)蓄）：在用于消費(fèi)和政府購(gòu)買(mǎi)后剩下的一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的總收入。預(yù)算赤字：政府支出引起的稅收收入的短缺?，F(xiàn)值：用現(xiàn)行利率生產(chǎn)一定量未來(lái)貨幣所需要的現(xiàn)在貨幣量。多元化：通過(guò)用大量不相關(guān)的小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)代替一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有效市場(chǎng)假說(shuō)：認(rèn)為資產(chǎn)價(jià)格反映了關(guān)于一種資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的所有公開(kāi)的、可獲得的信息的理論。失業(yè)率：