【正文】 有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。★Nathaniel Hawthorne ①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a 。Henry David Thoreau ①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 愛默生最忠實的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐。Ralph Waldo Emersion ①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鳥》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。 The Littlepage ManuscriptsJames Fenimore Cooper ①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological ，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學的一些知識融入了這種體裁。Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll bee spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to bee symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.5）代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。 conflicting 矛盾Romanticism的特點：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of ，都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。費瑞諾Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯17371809 The Autobiography自傳 18世紀美國唯一流傳至今的自傳s first circulating library, founded the collegeUniversity of Pennsylvania. 建立了美國第一個可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學——就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學。富蘭克林美國文學史復習2（reason Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the firstcentury church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God39。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。s will and is not to be accepted. 認為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful ，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。美國文學史復習1（colonialism)第一部分典型的清教徒： John Cotton amp。英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.學習指南：Could you give a description of American Puritans? 關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet amp。and 170617901）Poor Richard39。4）first applied the terms positive and negative to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。Thomas Paine 托馬斯 Great Common of Mankind 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet Common Sense杰弗遜1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了獨立宣言2）與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。 poet and political journalist 詩人和政治方面的新聞記者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the postrevolutionary period.2)has been called the Father of American Poetry 美國詩歌之父The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英國囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans紀念美國勇士同類詩中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殯葬地學習指南：Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to mand the attention of the best minds.Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.美國文學史復習3（Romanicism)(20090117 18:58:09) 一、文學特征：Environment:1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮美國文學特點：pluralistic多元化Transcendentalism 超驗主義1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and ，不講系統(tǒng)，只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達。人性本善Thoreau 梭 羅，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”Literary forms文學形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary 、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學形式。At midcentury a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 從新英格蘭文學到超驗主義。④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服記》②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮襪子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《殺鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被認為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。Edgar Allan Poe ①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 編輯、詩人、文學評論家。②Emerson believed above all in indivi