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e Amazon jungle was found alive after having lost contact with the outside world for six months. On physical examination, he was found to be in an emaciated condition. On palpation of the abdomen, a rounded, smooth swelling appeared in the right loin at the end of inspiration. On expiration, the swelling moved upward and could no longer be felt. What anatomical structure could produce such a swelling? Case B An intravenous pyelogram revealed that a patient’s left kidney was in its normal position, but the right kidney was situated in front of the right sacroiliac joint. Can you explain this on embryological grounds? Case C An examination of a patient revealed that she had a horseshoe kidney. What anatomical structure prevents a horseshoe kidney from ascending to a level above the umbilicus? Case D An intravenous pyelogram revealed that the calyces and pelvis of a patient’s right kidney were grossly dilated (a condition known as