【正文】 MCU Tan Xueqing (College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China) Abstract: With the rapid growth of social economy, the traditional fuel sources is decreasing quickly, and the harm of environment is more and more serious at the same time. Solar energy is one of the renewable energy, and has the unique advantages such as clean, abundant, has a broad development prospects. But the current solar utilization is low, restricting its development. Currently, most solar tracking system is fixed, unable to shift as the sun run, so the energy conversion efficiency is low. Microcontroller is the core of the whole system. The system can track the sun in the two degrees of freedom, which can effectively improve the utilization of solar energy. This system adopts microcontroller as nucleus and photoelectric sensor transmit the collected light information to the microcontroller. After analyzing and processing, microcontroller drive two stepper motors running, so it can adjust the angle of solar panels on the two degrees of freedom. This system achieves the goal of twoaxis tracking solar, and to control charging at the same time. By microcontroller to realize twoaxis tracking solar systems can effectively improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy, and has a broad application prospect with the advantages of good realtime and low cost. Key words: Microcontroller Twoaxes tracking Solar Charging 目 錄 1 前言 ................................................................... 1 課題的研究背景和意義 ................................................. 1 太陽能跟蹤系統(tǒng)的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 ....................................... 2 本設(shè)計的主要研究內(nèi)容 ................................................. 2 2 總體方案確定 ........................................................... 3 方案簡述 ............................................................. 3 光電檢測跟蹤太陽原理 ................................................. 3 3 系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計 ......................................................... 4 ATmega16 單片機最小系統(tǒng)電路 ........................................... 4 ATmega16 單片機的簡介及引腳功能說明 ................................ 4 ATmega16 單片機最小系統(tǒng)電路設(shè)計 ..................................... 5 ISP 下載線路 ........................................................ 7 光強度檢測電路 ....................................................... 7 光敏電阻介紹和工作原理 ............................................. 7 光強檢測電路 ....................................................... 8 A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換電路 .......................................................... 9 時鐘電路 ............................................................. 9 DS1302 時鐘芯片介紹 ................................................. 9 時鐘電路 .......................................................... 10 電機驅(qū)動電路 ........................................................ 10 步進電機的介紹 .................................................... 10 ULN2020 芯片介紹 ................................................... 11 電機驅(qū)動電路設(shè)計 .................................................. 12 鋰電池充電電路 ...................................................... 13 太陽能充電管理專用充電芯片 CN3063 簡介 ............................. 13 鋰電池充電電路設(shè)計 ................................................ 13 電源電路 ............................................................ 14 LM7805 芯片簡介 .................................................... 14 電源電路設(shè)計 ...................................................... 15 4 系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計 .......................................................... 15 系統(tǒng)主程序設(shè)計及工作原理 ............................................ 15 太陽跟蹤算法程序設(shè)計 ................................................ 16 A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換程序設(shè)計 ..................................................... 17 DS1302 時鐘程序設(shè)計 .................................................. 18 5 軟硬件調(diào)試 ............................................................ 19 硬件調(diào)試 ............................................................ 19 軟件調(diào)試 ............................................................. 19 設(shè)計中遇到的問題及其解決辦法 ........................................ 20 6 系統(tǒng)測試方法及測試數(shù)據(jù) ................................................ 20 7 結(jié)論 .................................................................. 21 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) .............................................................. 22 附 錄 ............................................................. 23 附錄 A 系統(tǒng)電路圖 ......................................................... 23 附錄 B 程序代碼 ........................................................... 24 致 謝 ............................................................. 30 畢業(yè)設(shè)計成績評定表 1 1 前言 課題的研究背景和意義 全球經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，在很大的程度上都是以石油、天然氣、煤炭等傳統(tǒng)能源的大量開發(fā)采用為代價的。目前，大多數(shù)太陽能發(fā)電是采用固定式的跟蹤系統(tǒng)，無法隨著太陽的運行進行轉(zhuǎn)變，所以電能轉(zhuǎn)化效率較低。 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計 基于單片機的太陽能跟蹤充電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 摘 要 隨著社會經(jīng)濟的快速增長，傳統(tǒng)的燃料能源正在不斷減少，同時對環(huán)境的危害越來越嚴(yán)重。本設(shè)計以單片機為控制中心，采用太陽能雙軸跟蹤裝置充電，可在兩個自由度中上對太陽進行跟蹤，有效的提高太陽能的利用率。從工業(yè)時代開始，到 21 世紀(jì)的今天，在經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展下，傳統(tǒng)能源越來越少，迅速地接近枯竭。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在 2020 年國內(nèi)一次性能源消耗結(jié)構(gòu)中，煤炭占 70%，原油占 18%，天然氣占 4%，非石化能源（水電、核能和可再生能源）消費比重上升到 %。這時 候，大家把目光投向新能源的開發(fā)和利用。太陽能的分布廣泛，在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)及地理環(huán)境相對惡劣的山區(qū)、農(nóng)村等地方提供太陽能所轉(zhuǎn)化的各種能量，可以降低運輸壓力，而且能緩解能源供應(yīng)的矛盾。太陽能光伏發(fā)電是太陽能利用的一個重要領(lǐng)域。高精度的太陽跟蹤器可以大大提高太陽接收效率，在太陽能發(fā)電中有著重要的作用。另一種是傳感器跟蹤法。這類跟蹤方式具有結(jié)構(gòu)相對簡單，控制較為容易的特點，比較合適在光照強度充足和光照比較穩(wěn)定的地區(qū)。近年來，隨著自動控制