【正文】 most useful or important. DR JOHNSON: Well, they’re all useful, but I don’t expect anyone to read them all, because a number of them deal with the same issues. Let me give you some suggestions. The article by Anderson and Hawker is really worth reading. MELANIE: Right, I’ll read that one. DR JOHNSON: You should also read the article by Jackson, but just look at the part on the research methodology how they did it. Q23 MELANIE: OK. . . Jackson, got that... DR JOHNSON: And if you have time, the one by Roberts says very relevant things, although it’s not essential. MELANIE: So, OK, if it’s useful, I’ll try and read that one... Q24 DR JOHNSON: Now, the one by Morris. I wouldn’t bother with that at this stage, if I were you. Q25MELANIE: OK, I won’t bother with Moms. Oh, now, someone told me the article by Cooper is important. DR JOHNSON: Well, yes, in a way, but just look at the last part, where he discusses the research results. Q26 And lastly, there’s Forster I can’t think why I included that one. It’s not bad and could be of some help, but not that much. Q27 DR JOHNSON: Now, let’s deal with the assignment question. What’s the problem there? MELANIE: It’s the graph on page two. DR JOHNSON: What seems to be the problem? It’s just the bar graph showing reasons why people change where they live. MELANIE: Well, I’ve got a photocopy but the reasons at the bottom are missing. DR JOHNSON: OK. Look at the first bar on the graph now that indicates the number of people who move because they want more space. MELANIE: Oh I see . .. bar one. OK. . . Now what about the next bar? DR JOHNSON: Bar two is to do with the people living nearby disturbing them, so they chose to Q28 move away to somewhere quieter. Now let’s look at bar number three.. another reason people change their place of living is because they want to be closer to the city. MELANIE: OK. Proximity to the city is an issue... DR JOHNSON: Now. . . bar number four refers to problems when the owner of the property won’t help fix things that go wrong. In other words, the owner is not helpful and so Q29 the tenants move out. MELANIE: OK. . . now what about bar five? DR JOHNSON: Bar five is about those people who move because they need a bus or train to get them into the city or to go to work. MELANIE: OK. . . and bar six? DR JOHNSON: Bar number six is interesting. That reason was given quite a lot people moving because they wanted to be in a more attractive neighbourhood. Q30 MELANIE: Oh, yes, thank you very much. SECTION 414 Good day, ladies and gentlemen. I have been asked today to talk to you about the urban landscape. There are two major areas that I will focus on in my talk: how vegetation can have a significant effect on urban climate, and how we can better plan our cities using trees to provide a more fortable environment for us to live in. Q31 Trees can have a significant impact on our cities. They can make a city, as a whole, a bit less windy ora bit more windy, if that’s what you want. They can make it a bit cooler if it’s a hot summer day in Q32 an Australian city, or they can make it a bit more humid if it’s a dry inland city. On the local scale that is, Q33in particular areas within the city trees can make the local area more shady, cooler, more humid and Q34much less windy. In fact trees and planting of various kinds can be used to make city streets actually less dangerous in particular areas. How do trees do all that, you ask? Q35 Well, the main difference between a tree and a building is a tree has got an internal mechanism to keep the temperature regulated. It evaporates water through its leaves and that means that the temperature Q36of the leaves is never very far from our own body temperature. The temperature of a building surface on a hot sunny day can easily be twenty degrees more than our temperature. Trees, on the other hand, remain cooler than buildings because they sweat. This means that they can humidify the air and cool it a property which can be exploited to improve the local climate. Trees can also help break the force of winds. The reason that high buildings make it windier at ground Q37level is that, as the wind goes higher and higher, it goes faster and faster. When the wind hits the building, it has to go somewhere. Some of it goes over the top and some goes around the sides of the building, forcing those high level winds down to ground level. That doesn’t happen when you have trees. Q38Trees filter the wind and considerably reduce it, preventing those very large strong gusts that you so often find around tall buildings. Another problem in builtup areas is that traffic noise is intensified by tall buildings. By planting a belt of trees at the side of the road, you can make things a little quieter, but much of the vehicle noise still goes through the trees. Trees can also help reduce the amount of noise in the surroundings, although the effect is not as large as people like to think. Low frequency noise, in particular, Q39just goes through the trees as though they aren’t there. Although trees can significantly improve the local climate, they do however take up a lot of space. There are root systems to consider and branches blocking windows and so on. It may therefore be difficult to fit trees into the local landscape. There is not a great deal you can do if you have what we call a street canyona whole set of