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l multiplication, Photosynthesis and auxin synthesis in plants,also it plays an important role as an essential trace element in all living systems from bacteria to humans .The toxic of zinc and most zinccontent in plants is species specific。7. 在鉛和汞復(fù)合處理時(shí),汞的加入增加了鉛的毒害作用,鉛的加入,降低了汞的毒害作用。4. 隨著重金屬濃度的增大,葉綠素含量和類胡蘿卜素含量降低。且隨著重金屬濃度的增加,抑制程度增加。取出培養(yǎng)皿中的樣品,分離根和幼芽,然后把根和幼芽放入烤箱中,在溫度為80℃條件下,烘干24h。最后用乙醇定容至10 mL,搖勻。每隔24小時(shí)測(cè)一次萌發(fā)率,72小時(shí)后測(cè)根長(zhǎng)和徑長(zhǎng),稱鮮重; 葉綠素和類胡蘿卜素測(cè)定在7天后進(jìn)行, 95%乙醇(或80%丙酮),研成勻漿,再加乙醇4mL,繼續(xù)研磨至組織變白。%的次氯酸鈉殺菌1020分鐘后用蒸餾水沖洗。 (、 、 、 、 mg/l), K2Cr2O7 (、 mg/l), CoCl2重金屬是造成全球作物產(chǎn)量減少的重要原因之一。蘿卜根據(jù)其不同的種類在一年中的任何時(shí)候都可以種植,所以其在中國(guó)是很常見的蔬菜。雖然重金屬在自然環(huán)境下很難被降解,但是通過生物降解作用其在環(huán)境中的毒性可能被一定程度的降低。化工用品和工業(yè)“三廢”的排放對(duì)土壤,空氣和水源的污染也越來越嚴(yán)重。重金屬在液體中移動(dòng)和其相對(duì)遷移能力主要取決于氧化還原條件、PH和有機(jī)絡(luò)合物量等環(huán)境條件,在溶液中,溶液的離子強(qiáng)度和陽離子的飽和條件也會(huì)影響到重金屬的移動(dòng),環(huán)境中大部分毒性重金屬由于其非溶性而很難在維管植物中自由轉(zhuǎn)移。毫無疑問,頻繁用污水灌溉土壤將不斷增加重金屬在土壤中的含量,尤其是以下重金屬:汞、鎘、鉻、砷、銅、鋅、鉛等。雖然有些痕量元素是組成土壤的重要元素,但頻繁的人類活動(dòng)如:采礦、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、局部地區(qū)集約的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)使得世界許多地區(qū)大量的有毒重金屬得以積累。鉛可以通過采礦、冶煉、殺蟲劑的使用、交通、煤炭等被釋放到環(huán)境中,它沒有積極的生物效應(yīng)。鋅是生物體內(nèi)許多重要生物酶的組成元素,其在氮的循環(huán)、細(xì)胞的合成代謝、光合作用和生物生長(zhǎng)素合成中起著非常重要的作用,再加上鋅也是生物界所必須的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一,所以其對(duì)于植物的影響具有種類異質(zhì)性,比如其毒性作用的大小與植物種類的生長(zhǎng)年齡、生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期以及鋅本身是否可以直接被植物利用等因素有關(guān)。汞還能夠改變生物體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu),影響谷氨酸運(yùn)輸和生物酶的合成。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中,汞對(duì)蘿卜種子的萌發(fā)和早期幼苗的生長(zhǎng)都表現(xiàn)出了顯著的抑制作用。過量的鎘可以在植物生長(zhǎng)過程中產(chǎn)生各種各樣的毒性癥狀,比如植物生長(zhǎng)的衰退,光合作用的減弱等等。重金屬鋅、鐵、銅、錳等是植物生長(zhǎng)不可缺少的微量元素,它們?cè)诤芏嗌锩傅暮铣膳c代謝過程中起到非常重要的作用,而其它重金屬如鉛,鎘,砷,銫,鉻,鋁等雖然在生物學(xué)上并不是必須的,但如果它們超過一定濃度將會(huì)對(duì)生物產(chǎn)生極大的毒性效應(yīng)。所以,怎樣控制重金屬的土壤污染,研究重金屬污染的機(jī)理是非常重要的。世界上每年向環(huán)境中釋放的重金屬量近似于:汞是150萬噸,銅是340萬噸,鉛是500萬噸,錳是1500噸,鎳100萬噸。被重金屬污染的土壤不僅會(huì)影響到植物的生長(zhǎng),降低農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量,而且還會(huì)導(dǎo)致大氣環(huán)境和水環(huán)境的污染,最后可以通過食物鏈威脅到人類的健康。在沒有受污染的土壤中,重金屬大都以很少量存在。在中國(guó)的北部地區(qū),一些蔬菜和作物的種植基地中的土壤受重金屬污染非常嚴(yán)重,比如北京、天津、沈陽、濟(jì)南、長(zhǎng)春、鄭州等地的種植基地。相應(yīng)地,對(duì)重金屬影響下的種子萌發(fā)和植物早期幼苗生長(zhǎng)的研究將是十分必要的。重金屬鉻通常主要以三種形態(tài)存在于自然界,即單質(zhì)鉻、三價(jià)鉻和六價(jià)鉻。在含有重金屬鎘的物質(zhì)中,硫酸鹽是最常見的,它的溶液也是具有毒性的,而水中鎘的來源主要分為天然源和人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)源。其中汞對(duì)蘿卜根生長(zhǎng)和莖生長(zhǎng)的抑制能力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于對(duì)蘿卜種子萌發(fā)的抑制力,原因可能在于是蘿卜種皮對(duì)種子萌發(fā)的保護(hù)作用,當(dāng)種子萌發(fā)開始生長(zhǎng)時(shí),蘿卜的根和莖生長(zhǎng)將不再受到種皮的保護(hù),所以使得汞對(duì)蘿卜根和莖生長(zhǎng)的抑制力表現(xiàn)出最大。除了汞、 鉛、鎘、鉻之外,土壤中還有其它的金屬元素。蘿卜廣泛生長(zhǎng)于世界各地,本次實(shí)驗(yàn)是為了研究鋅對(duì)蘿卜種子萌發(fā)及其幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響。許多研究表明,當(dāng)鉛通過植物的根和莖進(jìn)入植物體內(nèi)后,將在植物體內(nèi)大量積累,然而其積累的量主要取決于鉛本身的特性。其次,重金屬污染是隨著人口數(shù)量的增加、土壤利用率和人類交通工具的增長(zhǎng)而不斷加強(qiáng)。在中國(guó)太原市,土壤中重金屬濃度不僅已超過當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境背景值,而且數(shù)量還在不斷增加。此外,許多硫酸鹽、碳酸鹽和硫酸鹽將會(huì)影響重金屬在非質(zhì)原體和共質(zhì)體中的移動(dòng)性,這些重金屬非原質(zhì)體的運(yùn)輸很大程度上是由很高的離子交換能力所決定,除非重金屬離子是以非陽離子形式存在。特別是對(duì)土壤的污染,從而污染了生長(zhǎng)在土壤上的植物。環(huán)境中的重金屬污染往往會(huì)影響到植物的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育以及種子的萌發(fā),國(guó)內(nèi)外很多學(xué)者和專家對(duì)重金屬影響種子萌發(fā)生長(zhǎng)等方面做了大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。近年來,由于工業(yè)和城市化的發(fā)展中國(guó)的很多農(nóng)田被重金屬所污染,而蘿卜往往種植于高速公路附近和礦區(qū)附近的農(nóng)田中。盡管許多研究都關(guān)注于研究重金屬對(duì)植物的影響上,可是很少有注重于對(duì)多種環(huán)境因素的相互作用或共同作用上。6H2O ( 132 mg/l), PbCl2 (、 mg/l), HgCl2 (、 、 mg/l) and ZnCl2 (、 mg/l)。在培養(yǎng)皿中放入兩層的濾紙,濾紙分別用蒸餾水(對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn))和復(fù)合重金屬的不同濃度的溶液浸濕;每個(gè)培養(yǎng)皿中放入50粒種子,然后放入培養(yǎng)箱中,白天溫度為2530177。靜置35分鐘。把葉綠體色素提取液倒入光徑1cm的比色杯內(nèi)。稱取干樣(,),再分別加入1mL混合酸(65% HNO3:H2O2=4:1)溶解,然后用高壓鍋在120℃下消毒滅菌90分鐘。 2. 重金屬鎘、鋅單獨(dú)處理時(shí),低濃度處理促進(jìn)了蘿卜種子的萌發(fā)和莖的伸長(zhǎng),高濃度處理時(shí),則受到抑制。但總?cè)~綠素含量比類胡蘿卜素含量降低的多,葉綠素B的含量比葉綠素A的含量降低得多。8. 鎘和鋅復(fù)合污染時(shí)對(duì)蘿卜的萌發(fā)表現(xiàn)為協(xié)同作用。 it is dependent on the age, vegetation state of the plant as well as on zinc availability . Radish are widely growth around the world。 before the study, some necessary knowledge must be understand well, some other test should be done to make the test much more perfect.The development of chemical industry and the three waste of industry given of seriously polluted the soil, air and water, which the plant lived on. The planted under polluted environment, content heavy metal and other pollutants, these affected people health and lives. Metallic contaminants may enter soil from farm manures, sewage sludge, municipal solid wastes, and pesticides. Metallic contaminants in feedstock are not lessened quantitatively during metals are difficult to be deposed under natural environment, however, the bioavailability of metallic contaminants may be lessened by posting. Those heavy metals must take some negative effect to environment and ecosystem, a lot of domestic and international scholars have made a large number of experiment research about the influence of heavy metals to seed germination. Consequently, the study of heavy metal pollution on plants and the seed is urgently results suggested that when at low density some heavy metals may be accelerate seed germination, but when exceeding certain density range nearly all heavy metals inhibit seed germination. This study investigated the possible involvement of Seed germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic pigment production and metal accumulation response to heavy metal stress. Radish (Raphanus Sativus) is a popular vegetable in China. This vegetable has a large number of varieties and can be cultured throughout the year depending on the varieties. In recent years a relatively large area of farmland has been contaminated by heavy metals because of industrialization and urbanization in China. This vegetable often is grown on farmland near highways, in mining areas where soils are usually contaminated by heavy metals. This suggests that the plant can tolerate some extent of heavy metal contamination and that as a food supply it could create a health risk to consumers. With the developing of the economy and urbanization, polluted material including heavy metals entered the environment more and more seriously, an increased frequency in the number of outbreaks of illness associated with the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables .For the test, seeds of Radish (Raphanus Sativus) were offered by Gansu Academy of Agricultural metals are the main environmental factor accountable for decreasing crop productivity in many geographic areas. Despite the enormous studies that have investigated the effects of heavy metals on plants, only few have embraced the reality of multiple, interacting environmental factors. In order to offer the basis for relevant research, a summary has been done about heavy metals such as Hg、Pb、Cd、Co and Cr influence seed germination, drawing the conclusion that heavy metals inhibit the sprouting of most tested studied the effects of several doses of CdCl21/2025177。 Seed germination。 Chlorophyll。 soil used ratio and motor vehicles density. In recent years, sewage irrigation has bee part of the agriculture irrigation. Sewage irrigation be used in China since 1960s, especially in north of China, account for nearl