工程造價畢業(yè)論文外文文獻-wenkub
2023-07-04 15:38:50 本頁面
【正文】 nd energy performance were adopted partly for environmental reasons, and partly to reverse substantial operating budget deficits.The latter problems included a multimillion dollar utilities deficit that was growing rapidly in the early ‘90s, and millions of dollars of unfunded major maintenance that was emerging prematurely in buildings only 1020 years old. Without the quality and performance standards adopted in 1992, utilities deficits and unfunded major maintenance costs would have exceeded $20 million during the past decade, and these costs would still be rising outofcontrol.UC Irvine’s materials standards, building systems standards, sustainability and energy efficiency criteria, and site improvements all add cost increments that can only be afforded through aggressive cost management. Institutions that cannot manage capital costs tend to build projects that consume excessive energy, that cost a lot to maintain, that suffer premature major maintenance costs, and that require high costs to modify. Such problems tend to pound and spiral downward into increasingly costly consequences.Every administrator with facilities experience understands this dynamic. Without effective construction cost management, quality would suffer and UC Irvine would experience all of these problems.The balance of this document outlines in greater detail the building performance criteria and quality standards generally stated above, organized according to building systems ponent classes. Each section discusses key costdrivers, costcontrol strategies, and important cost tradeoffs. Design practices cited are consistently applied (although some fall short of hard and fast “rules”).Building Organization and MassingConstruction cost management starts with the fundamentals of building organization and massing. UC Irvine’s new structures’ floor plates tend to have lengthtowidth ratios, to avoid triggering disproportionate costs of external cladding, circulation, and horizontal mechanical distribution. Our new buildings tend to be at least three floorshigh taller if floor plate areas do not dip below a costeffective threshold, and generally taller in the case of nonlaboratory buildings (but not so tall that a highrise cost penalty is incurred). Other design ratios are observed, such as exterior cladding area/floor area , and roof+foundation area/floor area .Architectural articulation is generally achieved through textured or enriched materials,integral material detailing (such as concrete reveal patterning), and applied detailing (.,2window frames and sills), particularly at the building base. Largescale articulation is concentrated at the roofline (., shaped roof forms) and at the pedestrian level (.,arcades), where it will “create the biggest bang for the buck,” rather than through modulating the building form, itself. This is more than a subtle design philosophy, as the cost impact is substantial.Lab buildings pleted in the past decade separate laboratory and nonlaboratory functions into distinct, adjoined str
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