【正文】 tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine. 希特勒的入侵 到 1941 年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫 1814 年 3 月，巴黎被攻占。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進(jìn)。 10 As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna. 正當(dāng)俄羅斯軍隊(duì)集聚兵力之時(shí)，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。大炮陷入雪中。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國人發(fā)起攻擊。 ” 8 Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow. 拿破侖很快意識(shí)到，他無法在冬天向遠(yuǎn)在莫斯科的軍隊(duì)供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。拿破侖順利進(jìn)入莫斯科，然而，對(duì)該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無意義的勝利。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國軍隊(duì)，還是把軍隊(duì)駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到 的冬天？ 6 Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand French and fortyfour thousand Russians lay dead or wounded on the battlefield. 拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠(yuǎn)在 448 公里之外的莫斯科進(jìn)發(fā)。 5 In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory. He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his army in Smolensk for the approaching winter? 到了 8 月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡。拿破侖期盼著的速?zèng)Q速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。這支軍隊(duì)被稱為大軍。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。希特勒進(jìn)攻當(dāng)時(shí)被稱作蘇 聯(lián)的俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)途跋涉才能進(jìn)軍首都莫斯科。Bs icy defender was to prove them wrong. 人 道是驕兵必?cái)?。就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。史密斯 1812 年，法國皇帝拿破侖 但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會(huì)遭遇勁敵 —俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。希特勒的軍事實(shí)力堪稱無敵。 Napoleon39。拿破侖對(duì)馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要 在 5個(gè)星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。可是，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。 1812年 9月 7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西 112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)。俄國人棄城而走。 1812 年 10 月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下 4度。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點(diǎn)將后撤的法軍困于河邊。 11 Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end. 拿破侖發(fā)兵 60 萬進(jìn)入俄國，只有不到 10 萬士兵返回。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。希特勒已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。他計(jì)劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式戰(zhàn)略。農(nóng)場(chǎng)和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速?zèng)Q，他們沒有準(zhǔn)備過冬的補(bǔ)給。s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers, pletely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the German offensive to a halt. 正當(dāng)希特勒的軍隊(duì)逼近莫斯科時(shí)，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴(yán)寒。德國人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。希特勒隨后向東推進(jìn)到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延 48 公里的一座大工業(yè)城 市。直到 1943 年 1月德國人才放棄圍城。 19 During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red Army broke the threeyear siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January 15, 1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March 1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin. 在 1943 年與 1944 年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊(duì)將德軍陣線往西逼退。 1944 年 5 月 9 日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。蘇維埃在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達(dá)到 2300萬。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價(jià)。 Unit 2 Intelligent Vehicles Steve Shladover 1 Even when cars were still young, futurists began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. Perhaps the best known of these conjectures was the General Motors Futurama, the hit of the 1939 New York World39。這類設(shè)想最出名的或許是 1939年紐約世界博覽會(huì)上轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的由通用汽車公司推出的 “未來城市風(fēng)光 ”。 ● 我們或許能消除 90%以上由于判斷失誤以及疏忽等人為因素造成的交通事故。 ● 車流通暢，相互緊隨行駛的車輛能利用前車產(chǎn)生的較小的空氣阻力，這些都可能減少油耗和污染。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，我們不難設(shè)想自動(dòng)化公路系統(tǒng)上的行車過程。即使是在車流量最大的高峰時(shí)段，也能一路全速行駛，從而節(jié)省時(shí)間。 Observing the road 6 Researchers have developed a roadreference and sensing system that makes it possible to determine accurately a vehicle39。s control puter to determine its exact position of the vehicle. 觀察路況 研究人員開發(fā)了一種路況參考及傳感系統(tǒng)，這些能準(zhǔn)確判斷車輛的方位及所在車道中心的相應(yīng)定位。這類系統(tǒng)易受氣候變化的影響，提供的數(shù)據(jù)不夠精確，但它們不需要特別的道路設(shè)置，只需要將路面標(biāo)志維護(hù)好就行了。隨著產(chǎn)量的提高，成本的降低，雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)將會(huì)越來越受歡迎。車輛生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)采用這類裝置的最初樣本，它們通過駕駛者給方向盤和踏板的輸入信息直接獲得指令。s onboard puters are better suited to handling decisions about exactly when and where to change lanes to avoid interference with other vehicles. 決定何時(shí)何處變道 車用計(jì)算機(jī)與路邊裝置的計(jì)算機(jī)功能不同。 Remaining challenges 11 There remain a number of difficulties to be overe. These are mainly technical, but there are in addition a number of nontechnical challenges that need to be addressed. These involve issues of liability, costs, and perceptions. 尚存的挑戰(zhàn) 尚有許多困難有待克服。如果這一系統(tǒng)的確比當(dāng)今的車輛駕駛者 —車輛 —公路系統(tǒng)安全，總體責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)減少。從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度考慮，這類技術(shù)在最初階段或許只能應(yīng)用于重型車輛（如公交車、貨運(yùn)卡車）和高級(jí)客車。如果政治決策者和企業(yè)決策者認(rèn)為自動(dòng)駕駛過于超前，他們就不會(huì)予以應(yīng)有的關(guān)注，就不會(huì)投入資源，促使其早日為人們利用。大多數(shù)頗具規(guī)模的機(jī)場(chǎng)都有自動(dòng)控制的客車把乘客從一個(gè)航站樓轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)航站樓。這應(yīng)該是未來十年中的一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)目標(biāo)，交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)也就會(huì)大大得益于信息技術(shù)革命。 Get the Job You Want Harvey B. Mackay 1 I run a manufacturing pany with about 350 employees, and I often do the interviewing and hiring myself. I li