【正文】 o the ultimate control over such a project, when any other methods may not be suitable.Even with a well customized and organized puterized programming system, how can the generated program output be exactly as intended? How can the CNC operator change any part of the program on the machine, without knowing its rules and structure? Successful use of puterized programming requires understanding of manual programming methods.TYPICAL PROGRAMMING PROCEDUREPlanning of a CNC program is no different than any other planning。 it must be approached in a logical and methodical way. The first decisions relate to what tasks have to be done and what goals have to be reached. The other decisions relate to how to achieve the set goals in an efficient and safe manner. Such a progressive method not only isolates individual problems as they develop, it also forces their solution before the next step can be taken.The following items form a fairly mon and logical sequence of tasks done in CNC programming. The items are only in a suggested order, offered for further evaluation. This order may be changed to reflect special conditions or working habits. Some items may be missing or redundant:1. Study of initial information (drawing and methods)2. Material stock (blank) evaluation3. Machine tool specifications4. Control system features5. Sequence of machining operations6. Tooling selection and arrangement of cutting tools7. Set of the part8. Technological data (speed, feed rates, etc.)9. Determination of the tool path10. Working sketches and mathematical calculations11. Program writing and preparation for transfer to CNC12. Program testing and debugging13. Program documentationThere is only one goal in CNC program planning and that is the pletion of all instructions in the form of a program that will result in an error free, safe and efficient CNC machining. The suggested procedures may require some changes – for example, should the tooling be selected before or after the part setup is determined? Can the manual part programming methods be used efficiently? Can the manual part programming methods be used efficiently? Are the working sketches necessary? Do not be afraid to modify any so called ideal procedure – either temporarily, for a given job, or permanently, to reflect a particular CNC programming style. Remember, there are no ideal procedures.第六章：制定編程計(jì)劃編寫任何CNC程序都必須經(jīng)過(guò)周密計(jì)劃后開(kāi)始。制定編程計(jì)劃的步驟具體采用哪些步驟要根據(jù)實(shí)際的工作條件而定，沒(méi)有國(guó)定的程式。對(duì)于編程來(lái)說(shuō)，基本的起點(diǎn)是對(duì)原材料的掌握，諸如尺寸、形狀、硬度、加工性能等等。收集所有的信息給開(kāi)始給CNC編程制定計(jì)劃供了充足的材料?？刂葡到y(tǒng)必須可以提供所需的走刀路線，諸如此類。通常小型CNC主軸轉(zhuǎn)速高功率小，而大型機(jī)床功率等級(jí)高主軸轉(zhuǎn)速則偏低。盡管編程人員不必實(shí)際操作CNC機(jī)床，然而熟悉機(jī)床及其控制系統(tǒng)有助于使編程更合理更具有創(chuàng)造性。但另一方面，每個(gè)作業(yè)員都喜歡沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤、簡(jiǎn)練、文檔完備以及專業(yè)的零件加工程序。這是符合管理理念的，也可以幫助他們獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。即便是小車間也發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代技術(shù)帶來(lái)的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)不容忽視。手工編程很多年前零件加工程序最常用的編程方法就是手工編程。比較而言這種方法速度快而且可靠。或許最突出的就是編制一個(gè)完整功能CNC程序消耗的時(shí)間量過(guò)于龐大。手工編程如此緊湊，需要程序員全身心的投入，而且確實(shí)提供了建立程序結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)限的自由空間。每時(shí)每刻程序員必須知道都發(fā)生了什么，為什么會(huì)發(fā)生。用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助CNC編程已經(jīng)好幾年了。CAD涵蓋了工程設(shè)計(jì)和繪圖。機(jī)加工控制結(jié)合了最新的數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)、存儲(chǔ)、刀路圖形、加工循環(huán)等等，因而變得很復(fù)雜。一個(gè)典型的編程系統(tǒng)不僅僅只有編程功能，幾乎所有的相關(guān)工作都可以在同一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)上完成，比如說(shuō)刀具目錄的管理、零件程序的存檔、材料信息表、安裝表和工具表等。集成化的原理是避免重復(fù)工作。為了避免這種重復(fù)，絕大多數(shù)的CAD系統(tǒng)融合了將設(shè)計(jì)圖的轉(zhuǎn)換成CAM系統(tǒng)編程圖的功能。計(jì)算機(jī)軟件會(huì)生成一個(gè)零件加工程序，用于下載到CNC機(jī)床中。最基本的概念就是手工編程是電腦化編程的基礎(chǔ)，是CNC機(jī)床各種新技術(shù)的源泉。第一步要決定要完成怎樣的工程、要達(dá)成怎樣的目標(biāo)。這只是一個(gè)推薦順序，實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)還需要進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。記住，沒(méi)有一成不變的所謂的理想流程。1. 初始信息的研究（圖紙和方法）2. 原材料（毛坯件）的評(píng)估3. 機(jī)床的加工特性4. 控制系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)5. 機(jī)加工的順序6. 刀具選擇和編排7. 工件夾裝8. 參數(shù)設(shè)定（速度、進(jìn)給等等）9. 刀路設(shè)定10. 工件草圖和數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算11. 程序的編程和傳輸12. 程序的測(cè)試和調(diào)整13. 程序的文檔化制定CNC編程計(jì)劃唯一的目的就是使得生成的程序指令沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤、安全和高效的指導(dǎo)CNC加工。這種循序漸進(jìn)的方法不僅可以將工作分離成一個(gè)個(gè)獨(dú)立的問(wèn)題，而且還迫使在進(jìn)行下一步驟之前，每一個(gè)問(wèn)題都得到解決。即使是合理化個(gè)性化的計(jì)算機(jī)編程系統(tǒng)，如何才能保證生成的程序如預(yù)期的正確？如何才能保證不熟悉編程方法和程序結(jié)構(gòu)的操作員，可以任意地修改機(jī)床上的程序？成功的使用電腦化編程離不開(kāi)對(duì)各種手工編程方法的熟悉。從實(shí)際使用情況來(lái)看，或許也是這樣。DXF含義是數(shù)據(jù)交換格式文件或是圖形交換文件、IGES是原始圖形