【正文】 er of the items in the series it selects for its consideration 中 it selects for its consideration 作 the series 的定語從 句，省略了引導(dǎo)詞that，其中 it代指 scientific study。 The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization. 注釋： Preliminary： adj 基本的，基礎(chǔ)的；預(yù)備的，初步的 Item： n 課題，項(xiàng)目； 條款； 一 項(xiàng)， ， 一條 ， 一則 take note ： 記筆記 ； 注意到 nature [39。到會說話時，他就是傳統(tǒng)文化塑造的一個小孩子；等他長大了，能做各種事了，他的社團(tuán)的習(xí)慣就是他的習(xí)慣，他的社團(tuán)的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社團(tuán)不能做的事就是他不能做的事。約翰 .杜威曾經(jīng)非常嚴(yán)肅地指出： 風(fēng)俗在形成個人行為方面所起的作用和一個 人 對風(fēng)俗的任何影響相比，就好像他本國語言的總詞匯量和自己咿呀 學(xué)語時他家庭所接納的他的詞匯量之比 。 參考譯文 沒有一個人是用純潔而無偏見的眼光看待世界。 2 No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes。事實(shí) 上 ，情況正好相反。 1 Lesson 55 Patterns of Culture Custom has not been monly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most monplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest. 注釋： ◎ Moment： ，瞬間 ； 時候，時刻 ； 重要的時刻 ， 重要，重大 great moment=significance：重要性 ◎ Workings：可數(shù)名詞，運(yùn)作 ◎ Taken the world over：從世界各地取樣 \拿來 （從世界范圍來看） taken：拿來、取樣、采樣 the world over 世界各地，全世界 ◎ Evolve：形成 ◎ in a mass=in a whole 語法： ◎ The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom， we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most ： The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation 是 倒裝語句，因?yàn)橐獜?qiáng)調(diào)賓語 The inner workings of our own brains 而將其前置，實(shí)際語序?yàn)?we feel The inner workings of our own brains to be uniquely worthy of investigation。從世界范圍來看，傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗是由許多 細(xì)節(jié) 性的習(xí)慣行為組成，它比任何一個 養(yǎng)成的行為都更加引人注目，不管個人行為多么異常。 his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure bees no more than an exact and matterofffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an acmodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his munity. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main plicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. 注釋： His very concepts：正是 \就是他的那些觀念： very 放在名詞前表示強(qiáng)調(diào) have reference to=be connection to：與 ...有關(guān) in all seriousness=seriously： adv. ，嚴(yán)肅地 ， 認(rèn)真地；嚴(yán)重地 part： n 作用 ；部分；角色，零件 adj 部分的 vt. 分離 ， 分 開；分配 any way in which he can affect traditional custom：他影響傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗的方式 proportion：大小、范圍 the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue：他的母語的總的詞匯的 大小 taken up into：被帶進(jìn)， those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family： 被吸收到家庭語言中的兒語 ， those word 有兩個并列后置定語 his own baby talk 和 that are taken up into the vernacular of his family Figure： 【修辭學(xué)】修辭手段，比喻 ，在這里代指前面杜威說的那個比喻，可以譯為 杜威的這個比喻 No more than：正好，恰好（ =just） First and foremost： 首先，最重要的（ =above all） Hand down=pass on: 流傳下來 Born into： 出生 于，出生在 I am born into a rich family：我出生在一個富裕家庭。人們所看到的是一個受特定風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、制度和思想方式剪輯過的世界。當(dāng)一個人認(rèn)真地研究自發(fā)形成的社會秩序時，杜威的比喻就是他實(shí)事求是 觀察得來的形象化的說法。每一個和他誕生在同一個社團(tuán)中的孩子和他一樣具有相同的風(fēng)俗； 而 出生在 地球的另一邊 的小孩則無一能獲得 哪怕是其中的千分之一 。neit??] n. 自然； 性質(zhì) ；本性；種類 let us say=so to speak： 可以說 語法： ◎ The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed 中 only after 從句使用了完成時，在于強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的先后順序和因果關(guān)系，即：只有在后面的動作完 成后才能引發(fā)前面的動作。 it selects for its consideration 可譯為：科學(xué)研究選擇這一系列事件來作為它研究所關(guān)注的對象。 在關(guān)于仙人掌、白蟻或星云 本質(zhì) 所有 這些爭議較少的研究領(lǐng)域中，只需搜集有關(guān)資