【正文】 The author fails to substantiate the assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions upon which the effectiveness of the policies depends have remained unchanged. (P→C) ★★★6. The arguer ignores other possible methods that may improve Beauville’s economy more efficiently. (necessity of the solution) ★★★7. Granted such incentives are indeed necessary, the author fails to illustrate why we should target on private panies. () ★★——————————————————————————————161, （社會/論斷/對比）In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents(1) said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a followup study(4,5) conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out(2) of each of the public libraries(6) in Leeville was the mystery novel(3). Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits(7). ★★★1. We do not know how many, and what kind of citizens responded to the survey, thus the representativeness of the result is open to doubt. (are the respondents representative?) ★★★2. The frequency of certain type of book being checked out from the public libraries is not a good indication of what kind of reading material do citizens prefer. () ★★★★3. The author does not analyze to what extent the literary classics and mystery novels mentioned in the argument overlap. () ★★★★4. The author fails to provide evidence to show that the result of the followup study is representative of alltime reading habits of Leeville citizens. (C→F) ★★★5. We do not know how long is the interim period between the two studies, many conditions may change after sufficient long time.(P→C) ★★★★6. The author unfairly assumes that the respondents in the first study borrow most of their reading materials from public libraries. () ★★★7. The author fails to consider other explanation that could explain the discrepancy between the respondents’ answer and the result of the followup study, . if the respondents were forthright, if they correctly understood the survey’s question, etc. (necessity of the solution) ★★★—————————————————————————————— 45, （動物/推測/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.Arctic deer live on islands in Canada39。s clients took nine(8,9). ★★1. The author unfairly attributes the successful employment result of the laidoff employees who used Delany to Delany’s assistance. (NCR) ★★★★2. The fact that only half of the laidoff workers found jobs within a year may not result from ineffectiveness of Walsh. (NCR/) ★★★★3. Many factors could explain the differences between the employment results of using each pany. () ★★★★4. Without any parative data, we cannot determine if the employment result of workers who use Walsh eight years ago are poor. (lack of parison) ★★★★5. Many conditions would have changed during the past eight years. (P→C) ★★★6. The size of staff and number of branch offices do not necessarily indicate the quality and effectiveness of a pany’s service. () ★★★★7. A bigger staff may just indicate that the efficiency at Delany is lower. (negative evidence) ★★8. There is no significant difference between finding job within six months and within nine months. () ★★9. Without detailed description of jobs found by Delany’s clients and Walsh’s clients respectively, and without more information about their clients, we cannot evaluate which pany is more effective. () ★★★★10. A single year39。s environmental problems. () ★★★★★5. The author provides no firm evidence that electing Green is necessary to solve those problems, or that electing Green would suffice. (necessity and sufficiency of the solution) ★★★—————————————————————————————— 188, （醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生/建議/對比）A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications(3). When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women(1) who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported(5) feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women(2). This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required(4), whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication(6). In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications(7) on men versus women.★★2001. The number of subjects might be insufficient to constitute a representative sample. (quantity of the sample) ★★★2. Other differences between those men and women could also explain the difference between their feelings on pain. () ★★★★3. The effect of kappa opioids on pain feeling could not be hastily generalized to all other pain medications. () ★★★★4. The effect of kappa opioids on patients who have their wisdom teeth extracted could not be hastily generalized to all conditions where pain medication is required. () ★★★5. The level of pain reported by the patients may not reflect their actual level of pain. () ★★★6. Without more information concerning the thorough effect of kappa opioids, and lacking parison between the effectiveness of kappa opiods and other available pain medications, we cannot conclude that it is not suitable for all male patients merely based on the fact cited above. (adv:disadv/confusing parison and variation) ★★★7. Granted that pain medications should be prescribed discriminatingly, the necessity of reevaluating the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. () ★★★★—————————————————————————————— 186, （生產(chǎn)，管理/預(yù)言/對比）The following is a remendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company. In a recent telephone survey(1) of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a super