【正文】 lso, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the anization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel39。他的 TRIPO 的模型把不同的失誤稱作一般故障模型。他表明，企業(yè)文化就 是那個事件的出發(fā)點。當通過訓練去鞏固這些活動的時候，這些方法在某種程度上更加有效。這種模式 占據了人 們 在安全思考和研究的時間 將近 50 年，并且仍然被一些組織使用，這種思維所造成的結果是，發(fā)生事故的責任僅僅 在于員工而不是工作過程和 較差 的管理實踐。拉 斯姆森和杰森已經提出了三個層次的技能規(guī)則知識模型來描述不同種類的人錯誤的起源。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions， and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the anizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the anization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen hav e presented a threelevel skillruleknowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays， this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work. 彼得森根據管理體系中個人的行為結合 當地的環(huán)境擴充了 事故致因理論。在古老的時期，事故被看做是上帝的行為并且?guī)缀鯖]有預防的方法去阻止他們。 health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to c larify the accident phenomena， and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century， it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ： The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系統(tǒng)最重要的目的是維護和促進工人們在工作時的健康 和安全。在制定預防性計劃時，了解為什么、怎樣做和其他意外事故的發(fā)展是十分重要的。在 20 世紀開始的時候，人們開始相信差的物理條件是事故發(fā)生的根源。他的結論是像不安全行為、不安全情況是一些錯誤的組織管理系統(tǒng)導致事故的征兆。如今，這種模式已經成為在工作中檢驗人的 錯誤的標準之一。 由于對于造成事故發(fā)生根本因素的調查 被認為是不必要的或 者是所花費的成本太高 ， 造成人們對于事故如何發(fā)生 的 關注較少 。一些在改變員工行為和態(tài)度成功的方法已經被報道。外部的生活環(huán)境和人們的行為僅僅是意外事件發(fā)生的觸發(fā)因素。組織概念的錯誤與有些組織比其他組織表現安全的事實是相一致的。s visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study. 3 損失預防是一個 在工業(yè)進程中危險源控制的過程中經常被提到的一個概念 。這也是很正常的，由于工業(yè)過程可能產生災難性的后果，因此除了對人的傷害，對工廠的傷害和利潤的損失也是損失預防的主要方面。 Lee have stated that an anization39。不同的公司有不同的管理方式，通過不同的方式來控制健康和安全隱患。 Booth和 Lee都表示，一個組織的安全文化是整個組織文化的一個子集。已經有許多人嘗試開發(fā)用于測量安全文化的方法。這些差異的原因將在下面討論。 Oxenburgh 研究曠工所帶來的全部損失，他發(fā)現當地文化和立法對曠工率有很大的影響。綜合比較各種事故調查資料顯示，在事故發(fā)生頻率和事故的相關的曠工上不同民族有巨大的差異。 Some anizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided anizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three anizational models as the mechanical model, the sociotechnical model, and the human activity system approach. 5 In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an anization are welldefined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole anizations are not considered. The sociotechnical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology39。華林三種組織模式分別為為機械式模型，社會和技術模式，以及人類活動的系統(tǒng)方法。最后的模型中，人類活動的系統(tǒng)方法側重于人，并指出了組織的復雜性。s current safety guidelines, best practices in the industry’s branch， and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the pany. 狀態(tài) 評論 是一個安全政策和規(guī)劃基礎的安全活動。安全政策應指導各級管理人員，并應說明哪些任務，職責和決定都留給 較低級別 的管理。 It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training， and are petent to carry out their duties and responsibilities. 健康和安全被確認為經營表現主要的組成部分； 一個高等級的健康和安全性能的水平的實現滿足法律要求是最低限度，應采取持續(xù)的成本效益好的方式改善性能； 提供足夠和適當的資源來實施安全政策； 健康和安全目標的制定及公布至少以內部通知，健康與安全的管理是管理的首要責任，應從最高級管理人員的監(jiān)管水平出發(fā)； 該政策要被組織中的各 個層次人員理解，實施和維持； 員工參與和協(xié)商，以便能認可和執(zhí)行政策； 對政策和管理制度進行定期審查，定期進行政策的合規(guī)審計； 它確保員工受到適當的培訓，并有能力履行其職責及責任。 管理者應該為安全負責。 所有的不安全因素要及時糾正。 人是安全以及職業(yè)健康計劃中最重要的要素。 然而，一些共同的元素可以在安全活動計劃中被找到。 適當充分的資源準備，明確責任主管人員和有效的溝通渠道。 安全活動策劃往往是質量和環(huán)境管理體系的框架內進行的。隨著系統(tǒng)變得更加復雜和價格更加昂貴，安全問題則變得更加尖銳。這個最佳的是通過一個邏輯推理過程來實現。 System safety engineering draws upon system safety concepts and the approaches used in system engineering. Its objective is to safely integrate all system ponents in a manner consistent with other system criteria. It involves the application of scientific and management principles for the timely recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards. Through the logical programming of these efforts over a system39。在系統(tǒng)的生命周期中通過對 工作 的合理計劃，來達到對安全程度的期望。足夠的安全投入在最初階段是形成本質安全體系的關鍵。這些標準通常是 為我們所接受的標準做準備，例如說國家政府規(guī)定的規(guī)章制度、準則。關于相關系統(tǒng)安全知識的經驗也有助于選擇最好的。廣泛的危險源分析也有助于識別和解決潛在的安全問題。我們采取一些措施為了糾正可能會造成事故的設計上的特點是尤其有意義的。開展或更新危險源分析。 Operation Phase. Periodic safety inspections, maintenance, training, and performance reviews are conducted in the operation phase to maintain or improve the safety achieved previously. Hazard analyses are updated to determine the impact of any system changes, and action is taken to control any hazards that result from such changes. Similar action is taken following any accident or malfunction to correct deficiencies tha