【正文】
持續(xù)且大量地投入研發(fā)工作,以便及時(shí)卡位或推出新科技和新產(chǎn)品。有鑑於21世紀(jì)消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買習(xí)性千變?nèi)f化難以捉摸,製造廠商欲凌駕其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者,惟有善用獨(dú)特性專屬資源,時(shí)時(shí)刻刻致力於產(chǎn)品、製程和管理創(chuàng)新,並針對(duì)市場(chǎng)動(dòng)向與顧客所好,提供多元化功能的產(chǎn)品,方能穩(wěn)操勝算,創(chuàng)造最佳優(yōu)勢(shì),因此本研究乃結(jié)合產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)、國(guó)際行銷、消費(fèi)者行為和國(guó)際企業(yè)理論,以及對(duì)手機(jī)通路與使用者之實(shí)際訪談經(jīng)驗(yàn),提出專屬資源、創(chuàng)新管理及產(chǎn)品功能因素影響國(guó)際性產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之研究架構(gòu)如圖1所示:專屬資源創(chuàng)新管理產(chǎn)品功能產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力圖1 企業(yè)專屬資源、創(chuàng)新管理及產(chǎn)品功能影響全球產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之研究架構(gòu)Wernerfelt(1984)首先由資源基礎(chǔ)觀點(diǎn),提出公司應(yīng)由資源角度,思考策略決策,Barney(1991)也發(fā)現(xiàn)廠商可藉由本身資源與能力的累積與培養(yǎng),形成長(zhǎng)期且持續(xù)性的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。 Parry,1997),相信能帶來(lái)高市場(chǎng)佔(zhàn)有率與高銷售目標(biāo)成長(zhǎng)率(Cooper amp。 Ghoshal,1995),特別是代表行動(dòng)通訊時(shí)代之主流商品手機(jī),因產(chǎn)品生命週期短,產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)不斷快速創(chuàng)新,廠商惟有針對(duì)手機(jī)產(chǎn)品之設(shè)計(jì)、品質(zhì)、功能、操作及服務(wù),提供科技領(lǐng)先與創(chuàng)新貢獻(xiàn)(Souder,1987),方能獨(dú)佔(zhàn)鰲頭。另外,林漢昌(1997)、Buckley, Pass amp。本研究彙總Buckley, Pass amp。過去許多學(xué)者雖曾針對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力問題加以探討,惟所分析對(duì)象集中在國(guó)家、產(chǎn)業(yè)或企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力等層面,至於產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力則相對(duì)欠缺。各手機(jī)大廠一方面推陳出新強(qiáng)化手機(jī)功能,另一方面力求建構(gòu)品牌權(quán)益價(jià)值與強(qiáng)化通路優(yōu)勢(shì)。進(jìn)入第3代手機(jī)由於所牽涉層面多且複雜,傳輸速度最高可達(dá)2Mbps的介面加以銜接,最常見的2種無(wú)線傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其一為架設(shè)在泛歐GSM網(wǎng)路上,將無(wú)線電頻譜分成多個(gè)頻道之「寬頻分碼多重存取WCDMA」(wideband code division multiple access),以利隔空傳送影像或其他多媒體資料;另一為從美國(guó)窄頻CDMA One衍生而出之CDMA2000數(shù)位標(biāo)準(zhǔn),令實(shí)體網(wǎng)路可容納多種現(xiàn)有的高速行動(dòng)電話標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)交通部電信總局統(tǒng)計(jì),臺(tái)灣行動(dòng)電話用戶數(shù)截至2001年底,已超過2,163萬(wàn)戶,%(2002年6月已超過全國(guó)總?cè)丝跀?shù));而大陸的行動(dòng)電話用戶數(shù),成為全世界第一大市場(chǎng)。再者,過去所使用之統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法,除陳智勇(1999)與鮑少玲(1999)對(duì)於市場(chǎng)區(qū)隔與產(chǎn)品定位,採(cǎi)取多元尺度(multidimensional scaling)分析與聯(lián)合(conjoint)分析外,其餘大抵都以相關(guān)分析、T分配、χ交叉列聯(lián)表、因素分析、集群分析、變異數(shù)分析、迴歸分析等多變量方法為主,並未採(cǎi)用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木€性結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)係LISREL(linear structural relation),探討其自變數(shù)與因變數(shù)之間的因果關(guān)係。近年來(lái)行動(dòng)電話之普及率,可謂逐年步步高昇。關(guān)鍵字:專屬資源、創(chuàng)新管理、產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力The Study of the Influence of Firm’s Specific Resources, Innovative Management and Product Function on the Product Competitiveness Analysis on the Global Products of Mobile PhonesLin, MiaoQueDepartment of International Trade amp。析言之,手機(jī)業(yè)者擁有愈多的專屬性有形與無(wú)形資源,一來(lái)愈注重增強(qiáng)研發(fā)創(chuàng)新與活絡(luò)品牌權(quán)益價(jià)值之創(chuàng)新管理採(cǎi)行(γ11=);二來(lái)利用策略性資產(chǎn)與卓越專業(yè)能力,積極推出迎合顧客需求的完善功能手機(jī)(γ21=);三來(lái)彈性化建構(gòu)全球化策略,有助於手機(jī)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力與企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)累積(γ31=)。企業(yè)專屬資源、創(chuàng)新管理與產(chǎn)品功能對(duì)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力 影響之研究以全球手機(jī)產(chǎn)品為例林 妙 雀輔仁大學(xué)國(guó)際貿(mào)易與金融學(xué)系副教授 臺(tái)北縣新莊市中正路510號(hào)Tel: (02)29031111轉(zhuǎn)2977 Email:trad1016摘 要綜觀過去手機(jī)之研究主題,較偏向行動(dòng)電話購(gòu)買行為及消費(fèi)者市場(chǎng)區(qū)隔,並未剖析影響手機(jī)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之相關(guān)因素,而且研究方式以多變量分析居多,並未利用線性結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)係LISREL。其次,愈重視創(chuàng)新管理的手機(jī)業(yè)者,愈能應(yīng)用一流人才與嶄新技術(shù),設(shè)計(jì)出多功能手機(jī)(β21=),而且製造者之研發(fā)創(chuàng)新愈頻繁,品牌權(quán)益價(jià)值愈見增長(zhǎng),愈有利於核心產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之發(fā)揮(β31=)。 Finance, FU JEN Catholic UniversityAbstractTaking a prehensive view at the past studies, they mostly focused on buying behavior and market segmentation of consumers, not on the influential factors of petitiveness of mobile phones. Besides, the previous research was mostly verified by the multivariate analysis, not LISREL. Owing to these reasons, this paper will on one hand bine the theories with the practical interviews and propose a research framework that will show how the factors as specific resources, innovative management and product function will affect the global product petitiveness. On the other hand, that collecting the secondary data from mobile phones producers and 665 samples from their users (response rate %) matches with the maximum likelihood LISREL estimates to get the convergence results. It will not only pass the verification of model fit but also show up the internal structure of model.From the path model of LISREL, it is known that the paths between each latent variable all reveal the positive relationship between cause and effect. Analytically speaking, if the mobile phone operators possess more specific tangible and intangible resources, they will first emphasize more on adoption of innovative management through manipulating research and development activities and intensifying the brand’s interest and value(γ11=). Second, in order to meet the need of customers, mobile phones with perfect functions have to be presented by taking good advantages of strategic assets and remarkably professional capabilities(γ21=). Third, constructing global strategy flexibly will upgrade the sustainable petitivenessof mobile phones firms and products (γ31=). Furthermore, the producers that lay more stress on innovative management can be more able to make use of talents and new techniques to design multifunctional mobile phones (β21=). And also the high frequency of research innovation of the producers will promote the brand’s interest and value and that will bring the core product petitiveness into full play (β31=). In addition, supplying creative and multifunctional products can enforce their width, depth and length and that will move up the product petitiveness of mobile phones(β32=). To reinforce the product petitiveness, this paper suggests the manufactures should efficiently conform the specific tangible and intangible resources and then go with the market segamentation to design a mobile phone with creative functions. And the ways to keep the superiority of petitiveness are to carry out knowledge management and be able to share and interact with the staff and the outer related persons and then create a model of mobile phones in the new era.Keywords:specific resources, innovative management, product petitiveness一、緒 論18世紀(jì)的「工業(yè)」革命,強(qiáng)調(diào)以機(jī)器代替人工,把人類從體力解放出來(lái),快速增加生產(chǎn)力;自1964年開始的「資訊」革命,由系統(tǒng)時(shí)代(19641981)走向PC時(shí)代(19811994),邁入網(wǎng)路時(shí)代(19942005),乃至於內(nèi)容時(shí)代(Moschella,1997),人類的腦力被解放,使得生產(chǎn)力再度躍進(jìn);而正在發(fā)生的「無(wú)線」革命,建構(gòu)人類無(wú)線資訊社會(huì)(wireless information society),帶領(lǐng)企業(yè)電訊業(yè)者及一般用戶,邁向最便捷的通訊世界。惟綜觀國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)於手機(jī)之研究主題,除由產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)探討通訊產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)(吳志坤,1999),以及呼叫器消費(fèi)者行為研究(丁豪傑,1998)外,絕大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)係以行銷之產(chǎn)品、價(jià)格、通路與促銷(product,price,place,promotion)等4P觀點(diǎn)為主軸,主要探討行動(dòng)電話購(gòu)買行為及消費(fèi)者市場(chǎng)區(qū)隔,其他亦不乏針對(duì)特定主題予以深入剖析,比方說(shuō)購(gòu)買行動(dòng)電話之資訊搜尋行為(黃瑞群,1999)、行動(dòng)電話產(chǎn)品組合設(shè)計(jì)與新產(chǎn)品定位(鮑少玲,1999)、產(chǎn)品價(jià)格差異(江玉琪,1999)、廣告促銷知覺及反應(yīng)(徐志銘,1999)、行銷組合策略(張家淵,2000)、對(duì)電信公司之認(rèn)知與偏好(陳智勇,1999)、行動(dòng)電話通訊服務(wù)之顧客抱怨責(zé)任歸屬(黃俐菁,1999)等。Porter曾指出面對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境,各企業(yè)必需不斷思索造成差異化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的來(lái)源及其影響因素(高登第、李明軒,2001)。行動(dòng)通訊科技發(fā)展極為迅速,從過去無(wú)線電話、低功率無(wú)線電話、行動(dòng)電話到衛(wèi)星通訊等不斷推陳出新。目前不論是日本已經(jīng)使用的WCDMA(wideband CDMA),或是中國(guó)大陸選用的TDSCDMA系統(tǒng),皆屬CDMA的加強(qiáng)版。特別是標(biāo)榜「科技始終來(lái)自於人性」的芬蘭Nokia、曾為全球性蜂巢式行動(dòng)電話領(lǐng)導(dǎo)廠商的Motorola,以及秉持「專業(yè)、尊重、堅(jiān)持」企業(yè)理念的瑞典Ericsson等三大手機(jī)品牌,已佔(zhàn)有全球半數(shù)以上佔(zhàn)有率。基於成功塑造出高品質(zhì)的國(guó)際化品牌形象,手機(jī)廠商乃不斷透過產(chǎn)品屬性、名稱、包裝、價(jià)格、歷史、聲譽(yù)、廣告等無(wú)形總和的品牌,給予消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)品優(yōu)良且品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定之保證(Aaker,1992),幫助消費(fèi)者辨識(shí)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者產(chǎn)品之區(qū)隔(Farquhar,1989),進(jìn)而促使購(gòu)買決策更具效率化(Doyle,1990)。詳言之,無(wú)論是洛桑國(guó)際管理發(fā)展學(xué)院(IMD)、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇(WEF)、Buckley, Pass amp。 Prescott(1988)、Porter(1990)、Rugman amp。 Prescott(1988)與周信宏(2000)所闡釋具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)之「企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力」衡量指標(biāo),在於該企業(yè)高國(guó)際化程度,擁有前瞻創(chuàng)新能力、良好應(yīng)變能力、雄厚財(cái)務(wù)實(shí)力和卓越營(yíng)運(yùn)管理能力,能夠提供獨(dú)特性產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)、控制通路、確保供應(yīng)商穩(wěn)定,而且不遺餘力培育人才或運(yùn)用資訊及科技。比方說(shuō)Nokia首創(chuàng)附短訊息聊天式功能、WAP、三頻/