【正文】 ts / of great men / of genius：天才偉人的真知灼見。like：such as參考譯文：新學(xué)派科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展，與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)樘觳艂ト说恼嬷埔?，不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)橄窀倪M(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。a series of一系列expand擴(kuò)大，張開reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影響力產(chǎn)生影響或效果的范圍或領(lǐng)域參考譯文：“簡(jiǎn)而言之”，新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，“我們所謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，而（這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用 / 這）（使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及 / 使科學(xué)發(fā)展無(wú)所不及 / 在無(wú)數(shù)方面拓展了科學(xué)的領(lǐng)域）。 s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74) 主句 專有名詞Galileo39。rather than而不是the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)revolve：繞轉(zhuǎn)，旋轉(zhuǎn)參考譯文：伽利略的最（光輝業(yè)績(jī)/偉大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以（證實(shí)/證明）行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的。得分重點(diǎn)：主語(yǔ)從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)1995年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with illinformed or inpetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always inplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning parative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting parable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not pensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.精美譯文：　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)木葋?lái)測(cè)定。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測(cè)也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。有時(shí)這些測(cè)試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過(guò)去一直沒有被承認(rèn)。題目解析：71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with illinformed or inpetent users.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71) 主句The target // is // wrong, // 原因狀語(yǔ)從句for // 狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)in // attacking // the tests, // 從句的主句critics // divert attention from // the fault // 定語(yǔ)從句 主語(yǔ)that // 謂語(yǔ) 固定短語(yǔ)lies with // illinformed / or inpetent users.詞義推敲：The target 根據(jù)上下文，這里特指標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試for in attacking the tests：因?yàn)樵谂険魷y(cè)試的過(guò)程中for：因?yàn)閕n：在…過(guò)程中attack：攻擊，抨擊。validate：to establish the soundness of。參考譯文：這些測(cè)試在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。measure：測(cè)量, 測(cè)度, 估量, 分派, 權(quán)衡, 調(diào)節(jié) be most precisely defined：很精確界定。 flagrant 公然的十分明顯的；罪惡昭著的inequality：不公平，不平等tell：說(shuō)明，表明underprivileged youngster：物質(zhì)條件差的/處于社會(huì)底層的/沒有特權(quán)的年輕人had he grown up = if he had grown up（虛擬語(yǔ)氣中條件句的倒裝）grow up：成長(zhǎng)，興起，形成under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下circumstance：the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客觀形勢(shì)，情況除意志控制外的決定因素的總和favorable：有利的，贊成的，討人喜歡的參考譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說(shuō)明（如果）一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，（如果）在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。（71）在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求。（72）這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見的。（73）給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問題。資助機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)是支持“好”的科學(xué)，而不資助“壞”的科學(xué)，那是值得贊揚(yáng)的。（75）同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，多重定語(yǔ)72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72) 主句This trend // began // 介詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)during the Second World War, // 定語(yǔ)從句when // several govemments // came to / the conclusion // 同位語(yǔ)從句that the specific demands // 定語(yǔ)從句that 主語(yǔ)a government // 謂語(yǔ)wants to / make 介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)of // its scientific establishment // 同位語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)cannot generally 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)be foreseen // in detail.詞義推敲：this trend 這種趨勢(shì)when引到定語(yǔ)從句，前面一般有表示時(shí)間的名詞作先行詞。mostly effectively done：有效解決。得分重點(diǎn)：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world39。 captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或誘惑的力量；有魅力的delightful：greatly pleasing 令人高興的，使人愉快的aspects 原義是方面，聯(lián)系上下文譯成“課題/問題”參考譯文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無(wú)法解決世界上某些更加（引人入勝/吸引人、令人高興）的課題的。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) So